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 Holwell to take charge, and under his guidance they fought for two days. According to the native historian, 'they were impressed with such a sense of honour that they fought till their ammunition failed.' When they were at length forced to surrender, the nawáb assured Holwell that they should be protected, but the survivors, 156 in number, were confined during the night in a small chamber called the 'Black Hole.' Holwell probably owed his preservation entirely to the unselfish services of his fellow-captives, who sustained him at the window. When morning came all but twenty-three of the number had perished. Holwell, who was so broken that he had to be carried out, was taken as a prisoner to the viceroy's capital, but on 31 July was released, at the intercession of the begum, the nawáb's grandmother, who recalled his upright treatment of the natives who had come before his court. Holwell was shortly after sent to England with despatches in the Syren, ninety-ton sloop. On his arrival in February 1757 he was offered the provisional governorship of his presidency, but declined in favour of a friend who was his senior. Holwell was then nominated second in the council, but before he could sail an election took place to the board of directors, and the new body reversed his appointment. Thus he returned to Bengal in his former capacity, but soon rose to be second, and on Clive's departure in February 1760 became temporary governor, which position he held till Henry Vansittart arrived from Madras on 27 July. Before Clive left, Holwell had drafted a remonstrance against Vansittart's appointment to the court of directors (dated 29 Dec. 1759), which was duly signed by almost all the council. The court, in a reply dated 21 Jan. 1761, directed the dismissal of the signatories. Holwell had already sent his resignation to the new governor, Vansittart, and now returned to England, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits. His contribution to Eastern knowledge called forth the warm acknowledgements of Voltaire, who said that he gratefully embraced the opportunity of thanking a man 'qui n'a voyagé que pour nous instruire.'

Holwell died at Pinner, near Harrow, 5 Nov. 1798, leaving the reputation of one 'in whom brilliancy of talents, benignity of spirit, social vivacity, and suavity of manners were so united as to render him the most amiable of men' (Gent. Mag.) He was a capable administrator, and during his tenure of office increased the revenue of the zemindary by 12,000l., and also checked a number of frauds. He was the first European to make a study of Hindoo antiquities. He erected at his own expense a monument in memory of his deceased fellow-sufferers of 1756. This, which was placed over the common grave of sufferers, has disappeared. His portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was twice married; three of his children survived him, James, a lieutenant-colonel in the army, and two daughters.

Holwell write:
 * 1) 'A Genuine Narrative of the Deaths … in the Black Hole,' &c., London, 1758; translated into German, 1799.
 * 2) 'India Tracts,' London, 1758; 2nd edit. 1764; 3rd edit. 1774; this collection was edited and partly written by Holwell, it includes No. 1.
 * 3) 'An Address to the Proprietors of the East India Stock, setting forth the necessity and real motives of the Revolution in Bengal in 1760,' London, 1764.
 * 4) 'Refutation of a Letter … to the Secret Committee,' London, 1764.
 * 5) 'Historical Events relative to the Provinces of Bengal and the Empire of Indostan; also the Mythology of the Gentoos, and a Dissertation on the Metempsychosis,' pt. i. London, 1765; pt. ii. 1766; pt. iii. 1771; translated into German 1767.
 * 6) 'The East India Observer-Extraordinary,' London, 1766.
 * 7) 'An Account of the Method of Inoculating for the Small-pox in the East Indies,' London, 1767.
 * 8) 'An Address to Luke Scrafton, Esq., in Reply to his … Observations on Mr, Vansittart's Narrative,' London, 1767. 9. 'On a new species of Oak,' 1772; 'Philosophical Transactions,' abridged, xiii. 306. 10. 'Dissertation on the Origin … of Intelligent Beings, and on Divine Providence … To which is added … a Plan for the Relief of the Present Exigencies of the State, the Burdens of the People, and a more Honourable Mode of Supporting the Clergy. Also an Essential Sketch for a New Liturgy,' Bath, 1786. 11. 'A new Experiment for the Prevention of Crimes,' London, 1786.

 HOLWELL, WILLIAM, M.D. (1726–1798), divine, eldest son of William Holwell, esq., of Exeter, and Ann Blackall, daughter of [q. v.], was born in 1726, matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in December 1741, and graduated B.A. in 1745, M.A. in 1748, and B.D. in 1760. He was tutor to Lord Beauchamp (afterwards second Marquis of Hertford), and was elected proctor for 1758. He was presented to the vicarage