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  of their bounties.' Sometimes, when the donor died, he himself continued the annuities. Hardham was married, and his wife died before him.



HARDIMAN, JAMES (1790?–1855), historian, born in Connaught about 1790, came of a family known in Irish as O'Hartigan. His father owned a small estate in Mayo. After school education he went to Dublin, studied law, and obtained employment in the castle, where he was appointed a sub-commissioner of public records. He became an active member of the Royal Irish Academy and of the Iberno-Celtic Society. In 1820 he published 'A History of the County and the Town of Galway,' one of the few good county histories to be found in Ireland. Irish was his mother tongue, and in 1831 he published in 2 volumes 'Irish Minstrelsy or Bardic Remains of Ireland, with English Poetical Translations.' The book was printed an London. The Irish is in a curious type, full of oblique lines. The metrical versions are by Furlong, Curran, and others. The collection is an interesting one, but its value is diminished by the absence of clear statements as to the authorities for each poem. The majority are probably taken from manuscript collections, such as were common in Ireland till harpers became extinct. Hardiman's next publications were 'An Account of two Irish Wills,' and 'The Statute of Kilkenny,' Dublin, 1843. In 1846 he edited Roderick O'Flaherty's 'West Connaught' for the Irish Archæological Society. Soon after its foundation he became librarian of Queen's College, Galway, and there died in November 1855. His education was imperfect, and he was not deeply read in Irish literature, but he had considerable knowledge of general and local Irish history, and his works have some permanent value.



HARDIME, SIMON (1672–1737), painter, was born at Antwerp, of Walloon parentage, in 1672. In 1685 he became a pupil of Jan Baptist Crepu, the flower-painter, and, after remaining with him four years, was admitted a master of the guild of St. Luke in 1689. He painted from nature both flowers and fruit, which were excellent in colour, but he was far surpassed by his younger brother and pupil, Pieter Hardime. He received commissions from the Earl of Scarborough, from several wealthy merchants of Antwerp and Brussels, and in particular from two brothers who were canons of St. Jacques at Antwerp. He is described by his contemporary, Campo Weyerman, as having been a droll little fellow, who spent the greater part of his time at the church or the tavern, and at length became so embarrassed that he had to leave Antwerp and go to his brother at the Hague, where he was no more welcome than a dog in a game of skittles. He then came to London, where he was working in 1720, and died in 1737. There is a good flower piece in the palace at Breda, which he painted for William III, and two others are in the museum at Bordeaux.

His brother, Pieter Hardime, was born at Antwerp in 1678, and died at the Hague in 1758.



HARDING or (d. 1134), abbot of Citeaux, was born of parents of good position at Sherborne in Dorsetshire, probably early in the second half of the eleventh century, and received his education in the monastery of his native place. A desire to travel and to increase his learning took him first to Scotland and then to Paris. He next visited Rome with a single companion, and as they journeyed the two pilgrims repeated the whole psalter each day. On his return he stopped at Moleme, not far from Dijon, in the duchy of Burgundy, where a monastery had been founded in 1078 by Robert, who was presiding over it as abbot when Harding came there. He determined to join the convent, and received the tonsure. Henceforth he was called Stephen, perhaps after the saint who was patron of an abbey at Dijon. Although a man of cheerful countenance and pleasant conversation, he became an ardent ascetic, and helped and perhaps instigated abbot Robert to urge the monks strictly to follow out the rule of St. Benedict. They refused to change their mode of life, and it is said that the abbot, the prior