Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/257

 FRENCH, GILBERT JAMES (1804–1866), biographer of Samuel Crompton, was born 18 April 1804 at Edinburgh, where his father is said to have been a ‘manufacturer.’ He received a fair education, and was apprenticed to a draper. He migrated from Edinburgh to Sheffield, and thence to Bolton, where he settled and ultimately developed a considerable trade in the textile fabrics of all kinds worn by clergymen and otherwise used in the services of the church. He cultivated a taste for archæology, especially for ecclesiology, and formed an extensive library. In July 1840 there appeared a communication, signed with his initials, in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ containing a sketch of the story of [q. v.], with indications of its resemblance to that of Henry Bertram in ‘Guy Mannering,’ to which no reference is made in Scott's introduction. The sketch was reproduced in ‘Chambers's (Edinburgh) Journal’ for 7 March 1841. French expanded this communication in a pamphlet ‘printed for presentation’ in 1855, and entitled ‘Parallel Passages from Two Tales, elucidating the Origin of the Plot of “Guy Mannering.”’ To consecutive numbers of the ‘Bolton Chronicle,’ commencing 26 April 1856, he contributed a series of letters, which he collected and again ‘printed for presentation’ only in the same year as ‘An Enquiry into the Origin and Authorship of some of the Waverley Novels.’ Here French developed, with new facts and illustrations, the old theory, revived by W. J. Fitzpatrick in 1856, that Scott's brother Thomas and his wife, Mrs. Thomas Scott, were the virtual authors of the earlier Waverley novels. In 1852 French zealously promoted the establishment of the Bolton Free Library, and being president in 1857–8 of the Bolton Mechanics' Institution he delivered to its members several lectures, two of which, on ‘The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton [q. v.]’, were expanded into the meritorious biography published in 1859. He contributed generously to the support of Crompton's surviving son when old and poor, and he raised a subscription of 200l., with which a monument was erected over Crompton's grave in the Bolton parish churchyard. French died at Bolton 4 May 1866. He was a member of the London Society of Antiquaries, and a corresponding member of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. He read several papers before the Archæological Association of Great Britain and Ireland, which appeared in their ‘Transactions.’ The following are those of his writings not already referred to which are in the Library of the British Museum:
 * 1) ‘Practical Remarks on some of the Minor Accessories to the Services of the Church,’ 1840.
 * 2) ‘The Tippets of the Canons Ecclesiastical,’ 1850.
 * 3) ‘Hints on the Arrangement of Colours in Ancient Decorative Art;’ 2nd edit. 1850.
 * 4) ‘Bibliographical Notices of the Church Libraries at Turton and Gorton, bequeathed by Humphrey Chetham,’ 1855 (vol. xxxviii. of the Chetham Society's publications).
 * 5) ‘Remarks on the Mechanical Structure of Cotton Fibre,’ 1857.
 * 6) ‘An Attempt to Explain the Origin and Meaning of the Early Interlaced Ornamentation found on the Ancient Sculptured Stones of Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man,’ 1858.
 * 7) ‘Decorative Devices for Sunday Schools,’ 1860.



FRENCH, JOHN, M.D. (1616?–1657), physician, born at Broughton, near Banbury, Oxfordshire, in or about 1616, was the son of John French of Broughton. In 1633 he was entered at New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he took the degrees in arts, B.A. 19 Oct. 1637, M.A. 9 July 1640 (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 495, 515), then ‘entred on the physic line, practised his faculty in the parliament army by the encouragement of the Fiennes, men of authority in the said army, and at length became one of the two physicians to the whole army, under the conduct of sir Tho. Fairfax, knight. On 14 April 1648, at which time the earl of Pembroke visited this university, he was actually created doctor of physic, being about that time physician to the hospital called the Savoy. … He died in Oct. or Nov. in sixteen hundred fifty and seven, at, or near, Bullogne in France, being then physician to the English army there’ (, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 436–7).

French was the author of:
 * 1) ‘The Art of Distillation, or a Treatise of the choicest Spagyricall Preparations performed by way of Distillation, being partly taken out of the most select Chymicall Authors of severall Languages, and partly out of the Authors manuall experience; together with the Description of the chiefest Furnaces and Vessels used by ancient and moderne Chymists: also a Discourse of divers Spagyrical Experiments and Curiosities, and of the Anatomy of Gold and Silver with the chiefest Preparations, and Curiosities thereof, and Vertues of them all. All which are contained in six Books,’ 4to, London, 1651 (2nd edit., ‘to which is added, The London Distiller … shewing the way … to draw all sorts of Spirits and Strong-Waters,’ &c., 2 pts. 4to, London, 1653–52; 3rd edit., ‘to which is added Calcination and Sublimation: in two books,’