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 in the works mentioned at the end of this article.

The following is a list of Freind's principal publications: 1. ‘Emmenologia: in qua fluxus muliebris menstrui phænomena, periodi, vitia, cum medendi methodo, ad rationes mechanicas exiguntur,’ Oxford, 8vo, 1703. As indicated by the title, Freind belonged to the mechanical school of physicians, supported by Baglivi, Borelli, Pitcairne, and others, and his works are defective in consequence of his adopting this theory as the basis both of his pathology and his treatment. There is an English translation by Dale, London, 1752, 8vo, and a French translation by Devaux, Paris, 1730, 12mo. 2. ‘Prælectiones chymicæ: in quibus omnes fere operationes chymicæ ad vera principia et ipsius Naturæ leges rediguntur,’ London, 1709, 8vo. There is an English translation, London, 1729, 8vo. These lectures (which had been delivered at Oxford five years before) are dedicated to Sir Isaac Newton, and in them Freind attempts to explain all chemical operations upon mechanical and physical principles. They were criticised in the ‘Acta Eruditorum,’ 1710, as being of a mystical or occult character, and this attack, together with his answer (which appeared in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1711), Freind reprinted in an appendix to the second edition of the lectures, 1717 (?). 3. ‘Hippocratis de Morbis Popularibus liber primus et tertius. His accommodavit novem de Febribus commentarios Johannes Freind, M.D.,’ London, 1717, 4to; reprinted Amsterdam, 1717, 8vo. This volume contains a Greek text and Latin translation, both based on those of Foes, with the nine essays mentioned in the title-page. Triller wrote a learned critique on the Hippocratic portion of the work, in a letter to Freind, Leipzig, 1718, 4to; and Dr. Woodward, in his ‘State of Physick and of Diseases’ (London, 1718, 8vo), laid the foundation of a dispute in which other physicians took part, and which was carried on with unbecoming acrimony on both sides. 4. ‘De purgantibus, in secunda variolarum confluentium febre, adhibendis, epistola,’ London, 1719, 8vo. This is a pamphlet written during the foregoing dispute, addressed to Dr. Mead. 5. ‘De quibusdam variolarum generibus epistola,’ London, 1723, 4to. This is the letter that was written from the Tower to Dr. Mead. 6. ‘Oratio Anniversaria … habita ex Harvæi instituto,’ London, 1720, 4to. 7. ‘The History of Physick from the time of Galen to the beginning of the Sixteenth Century, chiefly with Regard to Practice,’ London, 2 vols., 1725–6, 8vo, translated into French by Stephen Coulet, Leyden, 1727, 4to, and into Latin by John Wigan, London, 1734, 2 vols. 12mo. This is Freind's principal work. It is addressed to Dr. Mead, and was intended as a sort of continuation of Daniel le Clerc's ‘Histoire de la Médecine.’ It is a book of classical and extensive learning, and is still the best work on the subject in the English language for the period of which it treats. At the commencement he praises Le Clerc's history itself, but points out various imperfections in his plan for a continuation. This offended John le Clerc, the brother of Daniel, who wrote a defence of his brother's ‘History’ in the ‘Bibl. Anc. et Mod.’ vol. xxiv., to which Freind did not reply. These seven are the works contained in Wigan's Latin edition of Freind's ‘Opera Omnia Medica,’ London, 1733, fol.; Paris, 1735, 4to; Venice, 1733, 4to. His two earliest professional essays appeared in the ‘Philos. Trans.,’ one on a case of hydrocephalus (September 1699), the other (March and April 1701), ‘De spasmi rarioris historia,’ giving an account of some extraordinary cases of convulsions in Oxfordshire, which appeared as a sort of epidemic, and occasioned great wonder and alarm at the time as being something almost supernatural. His ‘Account of the Earl of Peterborough's Conduct in Spain,’ 1706, with ‘The Campaign of Valencia,’ 1707, reached a third edition in 1708. There is a fine portrait of Freind by Michael Dahl belonging to the London College of Physicians, recently engraved for Dr. Richardson's ‘Asclepiad,’ vol. vi.; and an account of a bronze medal struck in his honour is given in Francis Perry's ‘Series of English Medals,’ 1762, and in Dr. Munk's ‘Roll of the College of Physicians,’ 1878.

[John Wigan's preface to his edition of Freind's collected works; Biog. Brit.; Chaufepié, Nouveau Dict. Hist. et Crit.; Haller's Biblioth. Medic. Pract. vol. iv.; Nichols's Lit. Anecd.; Atterbury's Letters; Munk's Coll. of Phys.; W. B. Richardson's Asclepiad, vol. vi.] 

FREIND, ROBERT (1667–1751), head-master of Westminster School, eldest son of the Rev. William Freind (who spelt his surname Friend), rector of Croughton, Northamptonshire, was born at Croughton in 1667, and at an early age was sent to Westminster School, where he was admitted upon the foundation in 1680. He obtained his election to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1686, and graduated B.A. 1690, M.A. 1693, and B.D. and D.D. 1709. Freind served the office of proctor in 1698, and in the following year was appointed under-master of Westminster School in the place of Michael Maittaire, the well-known classical scholar. In 1711 he succeeded Thomas Knipe as the head-master,