Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 18.djvu/411

  subjects for various periodicals, in addition to one written in conjunction with his brother-in-law, Sir F. A. Abel. Among them are: ‘On the Solvent Power exercised by Hyposulphite of Soda on many Salts insoluble in Water’ (‘Journ. Chem. Soc.’ 1863); ‘On the Solubility of the Halogen Salts of Silver in certain Solutions’ (‘Chemical News,’ 1861); ‘On the Existence of Silver in Sea-water’ (‘Proc. of the Royal Soc.’ vol. viii. 1856–7); ‘Artificial Formation of Atacamite’ (‘Revue Universelle,’ 1859); on ‘Ludlamite, a new Mineral;’ and on ‘The General Distribution of Bismuth in Copper Minerals’ (‘Journ. Chem. Soc.’ 1862).

[Journ. Chem. Soc. 1886, xlix. 347; Nature, 9 April 1885; Royal Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers, 1868.]  FIELD, GEORGE (1777?–1854), chemist, was born in or about 1777 at Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, of a family long settled in that town, and was educated at St. Peter's school there. When about eighteen years of age he came to London to seek a profession. He thought he saw an opening in the careful application of chemistry to pigments and dyes. War on the continent, by stopping the supply of madder from Holland, threatened to impede his progress. This obstacle, however, led him to consider the nature of its cultivation, and with a well-devised project he waited on Sir Joseph Banks for his advice, and, as he hoped, his co-operation. Sir Joseph, after unsuccessfully attempting to cultivate madder in Essex, had made up his mind that it could not be done in England. Field then commenced the cultivation in his own garden, and from roots of his own growth produced beautiful specimens of colouring matter. A contrivance, both mechanical and chemical, was still wanted to reduce the liquor to its finest consistence. His invention of the ‘physeter’ or percolator by atmospheric pressure admirably accomplished this purpose. He exhibited his percolator, together with an improved drying stove and press, before the Society of Arts, and was awarded their gold Isis medal in 1816 ‘for his apparatus for preparing coloured lakes.’ Both apparatus are figured and described by him in the society's ‘Transactions,’ xxxiv. 87–94. Oddly enough the percolator was patented by others several years after, and applied to the clearing of sugar. Field continued his application of science to the purposes of the artist with good effect; his dexterity and care in the preparation of delicate colours set all competition at defiance. Among his other inventions may be mentioned his metrochrome and his conical lenses, which produced a continuous rainbow with varied effects of refractions. Field died at Syon Hill Park Cottage, Isleworth, Middlesex, on 28 Sept. 1854, aged 77. He bequeathed to the Royal Institute of British Architects six architectural drawings by J. L. Bond; to the Hanwell Lunatic Asylum ‘The Maniac,’ by R. Dawes, R.A.; while to the library of London University he gave a portrait of Dr. William Harvey, by Mirevelt (Gent. Mag. new ser. xlii. 596).

Field's reputation as an author rests on his ‘Chromatography; or, a Treatise on Colours and Pigments, and of their Powers in Painting,’ &c., 4to, London, 1835, of which a new edition, ‘revised, rewritten, and brought down to the present time,’ by T. W. Salter, appeared in 1869, and a third, ‘modernised’ by J. S. Taylor on the basis of Salter's revision, in 1885. Another valuable professional treatise, his ‘Rudiments of the Painter's Art; or, a Grammar of Colouring,’ 12mo, London, 1850, was ‘revised and in part rewritten’ by R. Mallet in 1870, and again in 1875 by E. A. Davidson, who has added sections on painting in sepia, water-colours, and oils. Field's other writings are: 1. ‘ Tritogenea; or, A brief Outline of the Universal System,’ in vol. ix. of ‘The Pamphleteer,’ 8vo, London, 1813–26; 3rd edit., 8vo, London, 1846. 2. ‘Dianoia. The third Organon attempted; or, Elements of Logic and Subjective Philosophy,’ in vol. xii. of the same. 3. ‘The Analogy of the Physical Sciences indicated,’ in vol. xv. of the same. 4. ‘Æsthetics; or, the Analogy of the Sensible Sciences indicated, with an appendix on light and colours,’ in vol. xvii. of the same. 5. ‘Ethics; or, the Analogy of the Moral Sciences indicated,’ in vol. xxiii. of the same. 6. ‘Outlines of Analogical Philosophy, being a primary view of the principles, relations, and purposes of Nature, Science, and Art,’ 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1839.

[Builder, cited in Gent. Mag. new ser. xlii. 524–5; Brit. Mus. Cat.]  FIELD, HENRY (1755–1837), apothecary, descended from a family seated for several generations at Cockenhoe, Hertfordshire, born on 29 Sept. 1755, was the eldest son of John Field, an apothecary in extensive practice in Newgate Street, London, by his wife, Anne, daughter of Thomas Cromwell, grocer, who was a grandson of Henry Cromwell, lord deputy of Ireland, younger son of the Protector. He succeeded his father in his profession, and in 1807 was elected apothecary to Christ's Hospital, a post which he continued to fill until within a short time of his death. As a member of the Society of Apothecaries he promoted its interests by giving,