Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 16.djvu/263

 Denial,’ 1685. 11. ‘The great Corruption of Subtile Self,’ seven sermons, 1686. There has also been published ‘Dickson and Durham against Independency, or some quotations out of Mr. D. Dickson's Treatise on the Confession of Faith, and out of Durham on the Revelation.’

[A Collection of some Memorable Things in the Life of that truly great and eminent Man, Mr. James Durham, prefixed to the Treatise on Scandal; Wodrow's Analecta; Baillie's Letters and Journals; Scott's Fasti, pt. iii. 5, 17, 32; Chambers's Biog. Dict. of Eminent Scotsmen; M'Crie's Story of the Scottish Church.] 

DURHAM, JOSEPH (1814–1877), sculptor, born in London in 1814, was apprenticed to John Francis, decorative carver; afterwards worked for three years in the studio of E. H. Bailey, R.A. [q. v.], and exhibited his first piece of sculpture in the Royal Academy in 1835. His busts of Jenny Lind (1848) and of Queen Victoria (1856) attracted much attention. A statue by him of Sir Francis Crossley was erected at Halifax. He executed four statues for the portico of London University in Burlington Gardens, and the stone effigy of the prince consort set up in 1863 in the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington as a memorial of the Great Exhibition of 1851. One of his finest works was a ‘Leander and the Syren,’ exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1875. His statues entitled ‘Hermione’ and ‘Alastor’ were purchased for the Mansion House. He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1866, and died, after much suffering, in London on 27 Oct. 1877. Between 1835 and 1878 one hundred and twenty-six pieces of sculpture by Durham were exhibited at the Royal Academy, and six at the British Institution. He was especially noted for his figures of boys engaged in athletic exercises, like football, cricket, racing, and boating. But though his work was always graceful, it showed no signs of great genius.

[Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Athenæum, 3 Nov. 1877, pt. ii. p. 571; Academy, 3 Nov. 1877, pt. ii. p. 439; Graves's Dict. of Artists.] 

DURHAM, PHILIP CHARLES HENDERSON  CALDERWOOD (1763–1845), admiral, third son of James Durham of Largo in Fife, and his wife Ann, daughter and heiress of Thomas Calderwood of Polton [see ], entered the navy on 1 May 1777, on board the Trident, under the protection of Captain John Elliot [q. v.] In her, in the following year, he went to North America, where he had the misfortune to come under the command of Captain Molloy, who was even then known as a harsh and tyrannical officer, but whose name received a still more unfavourable prominence after the battle of 1 June 1794. Under such a captain, and with the ship's company on the verge of mutiny, young Durham's position for the next twelve months was far from comfortable; and in June 1779 he procured his discharge and returned to England, arriving in time to be taken by Captain Elliot into the Edgar, in which he was present at the defeat of Langara and the relief of Gibraltar. He continued in the Edgar till July 1781, when he was appointed acting lieutenant of the Victory, and was selected by Rear-admiral Kempenfelt to assist with the signals [see ]. With Kempenfelt he continued during the year, was present at the capture of a French convoy on 12 Dec.; and the following year, still an acting-lieutenant, followed him to the Royal George. When that ship went down at Spithead, on 29 Aug. 1782, Durham was officer of the watch, and, being on deck at the time, was among the saved. The story of this terrible accident is told, according to the finding of the court-martial, in Barrow's ‘Life of Lord Howe’ (p. 139). That finding is quite in accordance with the evidence before the court, the witnesses being unanimous in their statements that the larboard port sills were a good foot out of the water, and that though there was a great deal of water on the lower deck, it did not come in through the port. The ship foundered because she was rotten, and a great piece of her bottom fell out (Minutes of the Court-martial); and the popular story of her being unduly heeled, and of a squall striking her while in that situation, is distinctly contradicted by the evidence of qualified observers, given on oath within a few days of the event. After being nearly an hour in the water, Durham was picked up by a boat and taken on board the Victory, from which he was shortly afterwards appointed to the Union of 90 guns. In her he was present at the relief of Gibraltar by Lord Howe, and in the subsequent encounter with the combined fleet off Cape Spartel. The Union was then detached to the West Indies, where, on 26 Dec., Durham was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant, and appointed to the Raisonnable of 64 guns, in which he returned to England at the peace. In the following year he was appointed to the Unicorn frigate, under orders for the coast of Africa. His health at the time prevented his sailing in her; and the next two years he spent in France, learning the language and mixing freely in society. 