Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 13.djvu/248

 came a student at the university of Oxford about 1534. He was soon after made a demy at Magdalen College, and in 1542 was probationer-fellow, having taken his B.A. degree (, Athenæ, i. 542). He was attracted by the doctrines of the Reformation, and in 1548 published three controversial works, printed by Day & Seres, ‘probably,’ says Herbert, ‘he might correct the press there, and learn the art of printing, which he afterwards practised himself’ (Typogr. Antiq. ii. 758). He had an office of his own in 1549 in Ely Rents, Holborn, where he printed his metrical version of the Psalms and a couple of other volumes in verse from his pen. In 1550, besides the well-known ‘One and Thyrtye Epigrammes’ and other volumes of his own production, he printed the work on which his typographical fame chiefly rests. This was the ‘Vision of Pierce Plowman,’ of which he issued no less than three impressions in that year ( edit. 1886, ii. lxxii–lxxvi). Some of the earliest Welsh books came from his press. He was ordained deacon by Ridley 29 Sept. 1551, and was described in the bishop's register as ‘stationer, of the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn’ (, Memorials, ii. pt. i. 553). He then gave up his printing, which he only practised during three years. He was among the exiles at Frankfort in 1554 (A Brieff Discours of the Troubles (1575), 1846, passim). On the death of Mary he returned to England, and preached at Paul's Cross on 15 Oct. 1559 and 31 March 1560 (, Annals, i. pt. i. 200, 299). He was admitted to the archdeaconry of Hereford in 1559, and the ensuing year was instituted to the stall or prebend of ‘Pratum majus’ in the cathedral of that city (, Introd. x). As member of convocation he subscribed to the articles of 1562, and busied himself with matters of ecclesiastical discipline. He also at that time held the living of St. Peter's the Poor in London (Annals, i. pt. i. 489, 493, 501, 504, 512). He was collated to the prebend of Mora in St. Paul's on the decease of John Veron, 1 Sept. 1563 (, Repertorium, i. 181). When Archbishop Parker in 1564 endeavoured to enforce among the clergy the use of the square cap, tippet, and surplice, he was opposed by Crowley, who refused to minister in the ‘conjuring garments of popery’ (, Parker, i. 301). In 1566 he was vicar of St. Giles without Cripplegate, and was deprived and imprisoned for creating a disturbance about the wearing of surplices by some singing men in his church (ib. 434–6). He resigned his archdeaconry in 1567, and was succeeded in his prebendal chair at Hereford the following year by another clerk. The vestment question troubled him greatly, and he published ‘A Discourse against the Outwarde Apparell and Garmentes of the Popishe Churche.’ On 29 Sept. 1574 he preached a sermon at the Guildhall before the lord mayor, Sir James Hawes, knt., and on 5 May 1576 he was presented to the vicarage of St. Lawrence Jewry, then in the gift of the bishop of London by lapse. This he resigned in 1578. He did not entirely give up his connection with bookselling, as on 27 Sept. 1578 he was admitted a freeman of the Stationers' Company by redemption (, Transcript, ii. 679), and afterwards to the livery. He preached before the company 3 July 1586. In 1580 he and another were appointed to visit the Roman catholic prisoners in the Marshalsea and White Lion at Southwark. Strype speaks of him as ‘in the year 1582 very diligent in visiting and disputing with certain priests in the Tower’ (Parker, i. 436). He died 18 June 1588, at about the age of seventy, and was buried in the chancel of St. Giles, Cripplegate. His widow was left so poor that she was allowed a pension by the company of four nobles a year. Whether as printer, divine, versifier, or controversialist, Crowley passed his life in battling for the new doctrines. His popularity as a preacher is shown by the numerous entries in Machyn's ‘Diary’ (Camden Soc., 1848).

His works are: 1. ‘The Confutation of XIII articles whereunto N. Shaxton subscribed,’ London, J. Day & W. Seres [1548], sm. 8vo (Shaxton recanted at the burning of Anne Askew, of which event a woodcut is given). 2. ‘An Informacion and Peticion agaynst the Oppressours of the Pore Commons of this Realme’ [London, Day & Seres, 1548], sm. 8vo (analysed in, Memorials, ii. pt. i. 217–26; Ames thought it was printed by the author). 3. ‘The Confutation of the Mishapen Aunswer to the misnamed, wicked Ballade [by Miles Hoggard] called the Abuse of ye Blessed Sacrament of the Aultare,’ London, Day & Seres, 1548, sm. 8vo (the ballad is introduced and refuted both in verse and prose, ib. i. 442). 4. ‘A New Yeres Gyfte, wherein is taught the Knowledge of Oneself and the Fear of God,’ London, R. Crowley, 1549, sm. 8vo. 5. ‘The Voyce of the Laste Trumpet, blowen by the Seventh Angel, callyng al estats of men to the ryght path,’ London, R. Crowley, 1549 and 1550, sm. 8vo (a metrical sermon addressed to twelve conditions of men). 6. ‘The Psalter of David newely translated in Englysh metre,’ London, R. Crowley, 1549, 8vo (Crowley was the first to versify the whole Psalter). 7. ‘Dialogue between Lent and Liberty,