Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 10.djvu/64

 29 July 1882), and invented all the valuable improvements which have made the modern ‘Hansom cab.’ A patent for it was granted to him and a capitalist, Mr. Gillett, on 31 Dec. 1836, and it was enrolled 21 June 1837. In 1838 he became deacon and superintendent of the Sunday schools of a baptist chapel then in Edward Street, and removed in 1840 to Praed Street; and about the same time he was helping in the management of the ‘Mechanic's Almanac,’ the ‘Baptist Examiner,’ the ‘Shareholder's Advocate,’ and the ‘Railway Times,’ whilst (at a later period) he contributed to the ‘Times,’ ‘Morning Advertiser,’ ‘Economist,’ ‘Daily News,’ ‘Leader,’ &c. In 1842 he was employed by George Thompson, then M.P, especially to consider the position of India and its trade and rights (his own Cotton and Commerce, preface p. x), and in 1844 he laid before the railway department of the board of trade a project for constructing the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (his own manuscripts). He was laughed at at first as a visionary (ib.), but after nearly three years’ assiduous endeavour the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company was started, with offices at 3 New Broad Street, and Chapman landed at Bombay in September 1845 to make preliminary investigations. He was received by the provisional committee of his company at Bombay with the greatest cordiality (ib. p. xii), and he returned home in 1846 with his plans matured and his report completed. His projected route was submitted to Robert Stephenson, who approved of it, but dissensions among the directors caused an abrupt severance between Chapman and his company. His claim for payment for his services was submitted for arbitration to the East India Company, and he was awarded the one final payment of 2,500l.

Chapman's sympathies with India never cooled. He issued a pamphlet in October 1847 on the cotton and salt question, entitled ‘Remarks on Mr. Aylwin's Letter,’ &c., and presented to parliament on behalf of native merchants in the Bombay presidency a petition in four oriental languages respecting the reform of civil government in India (Gen. Bapt. Mag. 1856, p. 215). He prosecuted his inquiries about Indian cotton from 1848 to 1850 in Manchester and other places in preparation for his book, ‘The Cotton and Commerce of India,’ which he issued on 1 Jan. 1851. This he followed by two papers in the ‘Westminster Review,’ one on ‘The Government of India’ (April 1852), and another on ‘Our Colonial Empire’ (October, same year). In March 1853 he issued ‘Principles of Indian Reform … concerning … the Promotion of India Public Works,’ which went through a second edition at once, and wrote ‘Baroda and Bombay,’ a protest against the removal of Colonel Outram from his post as resident at the Guikwar's court at Baroda; a copy was sent to every member of parliament, with the result that Outram was quickly reinstated. Two months later, in May, he wrote an introductory preface, at the request of the Bombay Association, to Nowrozjee and Furdoonjee's ‘Civil Administration of the Bombay Presidency;’ his paper, ‘India and its Finance,’ appeared in the ‘Westminster Review’ for July that year; his ‘Constitutional Reform,’ in the same pages, in January 1854; and his ‘Civil Service’ in the number for July. A great scheme for the irrigation of India was also being prepared by him, and he was in constant communication concerning it with the board of control. His unwearied activity had obtained for him the support of Cobden, Bright, Macaulay, Sir Charles Napier, Herbert Spencer, and others. He visited Loughborough in August 1854. After his return to town, he was suddenly seized with cholera on Sunday, 10 Sept. 1854, and died on the following day, aged 53. On his desk was an unfinished paper, a review of Humboldt's ‘Sphere and Duties of Government;’ and almost immediately after his death the government sanction for his irrigation scheme was delivered in full form at his door. His unfinished paper appeared in its incomplete state in the ‘Westminster Review’ of the next month, October; and the editor paid his talents the rare compliment of reprinting his ‘Government of India’ paper in a subsequent number. He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. His wife and three out of ten children survived him.

 CHAPMAN, MARY FRANCIS (1838–1884), novelist, was born on 28 Nov. 1838, at Dublin, where her father held a situation in the custom house. Mr. Chapman being soon afterwards transferred to the London customs, his family came with him to England, and his daughter was placed at a school at Staplehurst in Kent. She early displayed an aptitude for story-writing, and part of her first novel, 'Mary Bertrand, she composed at 