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 made to Mill's History of British India, i. 84-6, edit, of 1868; Orme's History of Hindostan, ii. 12-15, Madras edit. of 1861; Marshman's History of India, i. 211-14, edit. of 1867; Gent. Mag. 1824, part i. p. 196; Men whom India has known, pp. 33-4, Madras, 1871.]

 CHARNOCK, JOHN (1756–1807), author, son of a barrister of some eminence, born on 28 Nov. 1756, was educated at Winchester and Merton College, Oxford. While at the university he began to write political essays in the periodicals of the day, but afterwards devoted himself entirely to the study of naval affairs, and served in the navy for some time as a volunteer. Particulars of his career at this time are entirely wanting; but it appears that his eccentric mode of life, and possibly also his marriage, occasioned a serious breach between him and his father, and threw him on his own resources, so that the studies which he had undertaken as a pastime became, in the end, his principal means of livelihood. A friendship which he had contracted with Captain Locker, the correspondent of Nelson and lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hospital, gave a definite direction to his work, and led to the publication of his 'Biographia Navalis' (6 vols. 8vo, 1794-8), or 'Impartial Memoirs of the Lives and Characters of Officers of the Navy of Great Britain from the year 1660,' in which he was largely aided by the collections of Captain Locker. As Locker was personally acquainted with many of the officers whose lives are related, and had for years made himself the storehouse of naval tradition, his assistance gave the book a peculiar value; but the author had little access to original authorities, and, though painstaking to a degree, he had very hazy ideas as to the credibility of evidence. The book is useful, but it should be used with caution.

On the completion of the 'Biographia Navalis,' Charnock devoted himself to the compilation of a 'History of Marine Architecture' (3 vols. 4to, 1801-2), a work which, especially in its more modern part, has a deservedly high reputation. In 1806 he published a 'Life of Lord Nelson,' which, he says in the preface, was suggested, 'almost in the form of a request,' by Captain Locker, 'even during the life of his lordship.' The information and the letters communicated by Locker gave the book, at the time, a value far above that of the numerous catchpenny memoirs which crowded into light; but as the letters, which Charnock had robbed of their personal interest by translating them into more genteel language, have been since correctly printed in Sir Harris Nicolas's great collection the book has become obsolete. Charnock died on 16 May 1807, and was buned in the old churchyard at Lee, where a plain slab marks his grave. He left no family; but his widow, Mary, daughter of Peregrine Jones of Philadelphia—'whose exemplary conduct in the vicissitudes of her husband's fortune secured to her the lasting respect of his friends'—survived to a ripe old age, and died on 26 May 1836, in her eighty-fourth year. She lies under the same stone as her husband.

Besides the works already named, Charnock was also the author of 'The Rights of a Free People,' 8vo, 1792;' A Letter on Finance and on National Defence,' 8vo, 1798, and many smaller pieces.

 CHARNOCK or CHERNOCK, ROBERT (1663?–1696), vice-president of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Jacobite conspirator, born about 1663, was the son of Robert Chernock of the county of Warwick, and matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, 27 May 1680. He proceeded B.A. on 4 Feb. 1682–3 and M.A. on 26 Oct. 1686. In 1686 he was elected fellow of his college by royal mandate, and soon afterwards declared himself a Roman catholic. That Charnock became a priest about the same time is proved by the fact that on 25 Sept. in the following year he assisted in the celebration of mass and of other rites in the chantry of St. Amand in the parish of East Hendred, Buckinghamshire.

On the death (24 March 1686–7) of the president of Magdalen, Dr. Henry Clarke, Charnock vigorously aided James II in his attempt to force on the college a president of his own choosing. He delivered (11 April 1687) to Dr. Charles Aldworth, the vice-president, the royal mandate directing the fellows to appoint Anthony Farmer, whose academic standing and scandalous life legally disqualified him for the post; and he opposed the suggestion of his colleagues to defer the election till the king had answered their petition praying for a free exercise of their rights. On 15 April, when a college meeting was held and John Hough was elected president by the fellows, Charnock alone abstained from taking the sacrament, and persisted, with one other fellow, in declaring for Farmer. After the king had abandoned 