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 near Drummond Castle, in Perthshire, then at Traquair in Peeblesshire, and afterwards at Munches and at Dalbeattie in his native county. In 1832 he was made vicar-apostolic of the eastern district of Scotland, and consecrated at Edinburgh as bishop of Ceramis, in partibus infidelium, on 13 Jan. 1833. He died at Dundee on 24 May 1852.

 CARRUTHERS, JAMES (1759–1832), historian, brother of Bishop Andrew Carruthers [q. v.], was a native of New Abbey in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. He was educated in the Scotch college at Douay, and on his return to Scotland was ordained priest and appointed to the extensive charge of Glenlivet. Afterwards he was stationed successively at Buchan in Aberdeenshire, at Presholme in the Enzie, at Dumfries, and at New Abbey, where he died on 14 Feb. 1832. He wrote: 1. ‘The History of Scotland from the earliest period of the Scottish Monarchy to the Accession of the Stewart Family, interspersed with Synoptical Reviews of Politics, Literature, and Religion throughout the World,’ 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1826, 8vo. 2. ‘The History of Scotland during the reign of Queen Mary until the accession of her son James to the crown of England,’ Edinburgh, 1831, 8vo.

 CARRUTHERS, ROBERT (1799–1878), miscellaneous writer, born at Dumfries 5 Nov. 1799, was the son of a small farmer in the parish of Mousewald. He received only a scanty education, and was early apprenticed to a bookseller in Dumfries. He showed, however, a taste for literature, which procured him the regard of McDiarmid, the well-known editor of the ‘Dumfries Courier.’ His apprenticeship over, he removed to Huntingdon as master of the national school, and there he wrote and published what remains the only ‘History of Huntingdon’ (1824), for which the corporation of the borough placed its records at his disposal. In 1827 appeared anonymously his selections from Milton's prose works, ‘The Poetry of Milton's Prose.’ In 1828, on the recommendation of McDiarmid, he was appointed editor of the ‘Inverness Courier,’ which he made the most popular journal in the north of Scotland by the attention which he gave in it, not only to the material interests of the highlands, but to their antiquities and social history. In 1831 he became the proprietor of the ‘Courier,’ which he conducted on moderate liberal principles. In 1843 he published selections from his contributions to it, ‘The Highland Note-book, or Sketches and Anecdotes.’ In its columns appeared the ‘Letters on the Fisheries,’ the work which first made Hugh Miller known, and Carruthers otherwise befriended Miller. In 1851 appeared in the ‘National Illustrated Library’ his edition of Boswell's ‘Journal of a Tour in the Hebrides,’ with useful notes upon the places and persons mentioned. In the ‘National Illustrated Library’ also appeared in 1853 Carruthers's edition of ‘The Poetical Works of Alexander Pope,’ in four volumes, the first of which contained a memoir of Pope, with extracts from his correspondence. The memoir, much enlarged and partly rewritten, was published in 1857, in Bohn's ‘Illustrated Library,’ as ‘The Life of Alexander Pope, with Extracts from his Correspondence,’ and in the same library appeared in 1858 a revised edition of the ‘Poems.’ Carruthers is best known as editor and biographer of Pope. To the variorum notes in the edition of the ‘Poems’ he added many of his own, with some of George Steevens and Wilkes not previously printed. Even the first edition of the ‘Life’ was fuller than any previous one, and was enriched by interesting extracts from Pope's correspondence with Teresa and Martha Blount preserved at Mapledurham, which Carruthers had been permitted to examine, a privilege enjoyed by no other person then living. A second examination of this correspondence and the publication in the interval of some of the results of Mr. Dilke's researches into Pope's biography enabled him to correct in the edition of 1857 grave errors of his own and of others.

In 1843–4 was issued the Messrs. Chambers's ‘Cyclopædia of English Literature,’ in which most of the original matter was written by Carruthers, co-operating with Robert Chambers; the third edition, 1876, was ‘originally edited by Robert Chambers, revised by Robert Carruthers.’ For the same publishers he edited, nominally in conjunction with William Chambers, their Bowdlerised ‘Household Edition’ of Shakespeare, 1861–3. To the third edition of Robert Chambers's ‘Life of Sir Walter Scott,’ 1871, Carruthers furnished an appendix of interesting ‘Abbotsford Notanda, or Sir Walter Scott and his Factor,’ containing letters and reminiscences of Scott from the correspondence and papers of William Laidlaw, Scott's factor and amanuensis at Abbotsford, reprinted from ‘Chambers's Journal’ and the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’ Carruthers