Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 08.djvu/452

 was one of those who received the young Edward from the font. The same year, in consequence of his refusal to consent to the king's demand of a tax on every sack of wool sent to Flanders from England for Thomas, count of Flanders, he was deprived of the seal and banished from court. In 1240 he was deprived of his archdeaconry and all his preferments but one. Paris speaks of his power at one time being so great that he disposed of all things at his nod, but that he excited general dislike by his austerity and pride. When at Rome in 1240 he spoke violently against the English character before the pope. He died in 1249.

[Dunstable Annals, 152; Matt. Paris, iii. 495, 540, 629, iv. 63, 64, v. 91.]  CANTELUPE, THOMAS (1218?–1282), chancellor, bishop of Hereford, and saint, was born at his father's manor of Hambleden, near Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, about 1218. His father, William de Cantelupe, second baron [q. v.], was seneschal to John. His mother, Millicent, was a daughter of Hugh de Gournay, a baron of Normandy, and the widow of Almeric de Montfort, count of Evreux, whose mother, Mabel, was one of the coheiresses of the great Gloucester earldom. His uncle was Walter of Cantelupe, bishop of Worcester [q. v.] He was one of four brothers, of whom the eldest, William, third baron Cantelupe [q. v.], acquired by marriage with the heiress of the Braoses the lordship of Brecon in addition to his hereditary possessions. Of the others, John and Nicholas became famous knights, and Hugh archdeacon of Gloucester. His three or four sisters all married into noble families.

Destined, with his brother Hugh, for a clerical career, Thomas naturally fell greatly under the influence of his uncle, Bishop Walter, who partially undertook the direction of his early education. After a possible sojourn at Oxford, where he entered, says Wood (Annals, i. 221, ed. Gutch), the same year (1237) as the famous feud between the students and the servants of the unpopular papal legate, Cardinal Otho, Thomas was sent to study arts at Paris, where his elder brother Hugh was already resident. The accounts which remain of their Paris life are singularly illustrative of the position of the noble and wealthy student at a mediæval university. At first the brothers lived together. Their extensive household included a chaplain, and a master of arts who acted as their director. At least two poor scholars were maintained at their expense, and from five to thirteen paupers were fed from the remnants of their table. St. Louis, who was then king, paid them a personal visit. In 1245 both brothers attended the council of Lyons, where they were made chaplains to Innocent IV, and Thomas received a dispensation which allowed him to hold benefices in plurality. The brothers, who had already completed their arts course, now parted company, and Thomas went to study civil law at Orleans, in which subject he attained such proficiency, that he often lectured in place of his master Guido. He next returned to Paris to devote himself to the study of canon law. Hugh was still there reading theology, but the brothers henceforward had different establishments. At last Thomas completed his long and laborious legal studies, and he returned to Oxford to teach canon law, with such success, that in 1262 he was elected chancellor of the university. His strong yet temperate action in this capacity was well illustrated by his success in stopping a most formidable riot between the ‘Boreales’ and ‘Australes.’

The dispute between Henry III and his barons was now approaching its crisis. Walter of Cantelupe was the intimate friend of Simon of Montfort, and Thomas was naturally drawn to the patriotic side. The strong attachment of the university to the popular party may at least partially be ascribed to the chancellor's influence. This feeling went so far, that in 1263 Edward, the king's eldest son, was refused admission within the town for fear of a conflict between his retinue and the students. At the end of the same year Thomas was appointed, no doubt through his uncle's influence, one of the commissioners to represent the barons at Amiens, where St. Louis had undertaken to arbitrate between them and King Henry (Appendix to Chronicle, Camden Society, pp. 122–3). Louis's judgment against the barons (23 Jan. 1264) was immediately followed by civil war. In March the king occupied Oxford, and turned out all the students. On 14 May the battle of Lewes put the government into the hands of the barons. The university was at once restored to Oxford, but its chancellor was promoted to the chancellorship of England. On 22 Feb. 1265 the king transferred the great seal to Thomas, who had already been nominated to it by the council of magnates by whom the royal power was now exercised (Rot. Claus. 49 H. III, m. 9; Rot. Pat. 49 H. III, m. 18, in Chancellors, i. 153; and  Barons' Wars, p. 257). Thomas was at least more acceptable to the king than many of his other ministers, and the declaration put into his mouth that he was pleased to admit him to the office is borne out by the light of later