Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 03.djvu/215

 first went out to India as a company's officer about 1749. Nothing is known about his birth or the exact date of his arrival in India, but in 1757 he held the rank of captain, and accompanied Clive to Calcutta in command of a contingent of royal and company's artillery. He was certainly never, as Major Stubbs asserts, in the royal artillery, but had doubtless been a company's officer in the coast or Madras army, and had attracted Clive's notice as an able artillery officer. He commanded the artillery at the capture of Chandernagore and at the battle of Plassey, and returned to Madras in 1758. In 1762 he had attained the rank of major, and accompanied the expedition to the Philippine islands from Madras under Colonel Draper. He commanded the artillery at the siege of Manilla, and received the highest praise from Colonel Draper, who remarks in his despatch that ‘Major Barker's fire was so violent that the breach soon appeared practicable.’ He seems to have returned to England with Draper, for in the next year he was knighted, when Draper was made a K.B. But he soon returned to India, and on 27 April 1764 Clive writes to the directors that ‘to command your artillery I would recommend Sir Robert Barker, whose abilities in that department have been exceeded by no officer that ever was in your service.’ The directors refused to appoint a commandant of their artillery, but Barker received in 1764 the local rank of colonel in the king's army, and in 1765 that of colonel of infantry in the company's service. He was now stationed at Allahabad, and occupied himself with science, sending home to the Royal Society, of which he had been elected a fellow, ‘Thermometrical Observations at Allahabad in 1767,’ published in the sixty-fifth volume of the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ While at Allahabad he was promoted brigadier-general in 1770, and received the command of one of three brigades which then composed the Bengal army; he became likewise provincial commander-in-chief in Bengal to the great disgust of Sir R. Fletcher. In 1772 took place the most important event of his life. The Nabob of Oude was afraid that the Rohillas would join the Mahrattas and invade his country, and implored the English general's help. Sir Robert accordingly sent one of his aides-de-camp to the Rohillas and signed a treaty with them against the Mahrattas in May 1772. This treaty of Fyzabad the Rohillas kept, but, on a pretence of their having broken it, Warren Hastings afterwards sent a brigade to conquer them for the nabob. Before this Rohilla war, however, Sir R. Barker had resigned his command, for he disapproved of the reforms inaugurated in the army by Warren Hastings, and after a lively quarrel left India. Colonel Champion, who succeeded him, had to conduct the first Rohilla war. On reaching England Barker became M.P. for Wallingford in 1774, and soon afterwards married. He seems never to have spoken in parliament, but in March 1781 he was rewarded with a baronetcy for his consistent vote with the government. He had not sought re-election in 1780, and retired to a beautiful seat he had bought at Bushbridge near Godalming, where he had two great pictures painted for him by Tilly Kettle—one of himself concluding the treaty of Fyzabad, the other of the Nabob of Oude reviewing the English brigade. On 14 Sept. 1786 he gave important evidence on the Rohilla war before the select committee of the House of Commons, and on 14 Sept. 1789 died at Bushbridge. Sir Robert Barker's ability as an officer won him the friendship and esteem of Clive.

Besides the ‘Thermometrical Observations’ published by the Royal Society, Barker also contributed ‘Observations on a Voyage from Madras to England, 1774,’ and ‘The Process of Making Ice in the East Indies’ to vol. lxv., and an ‘Account of an Observatory of the Brahmins at Benares’ to vol. lxvii. of the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’

[There is a very short, incomplete notice of Sir R. Barker in Major Stubbs's History of the Royal Bengal Artillery, 2 vols., 1877; consult also Malcolm's Life of Clive, Gleig's Life of Warren Hastings, and Mill's History of India; for his services at Manilla see Draper's despatch in the Gent. Mag. for 1763, and for Kettle's paintings at his seat the Gent. Mag. for 1786.]  BARKER, ROBERT (1739–1806), reputed inventor of panoramas, was born at Kells, in the county of Meath, in 1739, and having taken up his residence in Edinburgh was first known there as a portrait and miniature painter and teacher of drawing. He is generally credited with the first invention of ‘panoramic’ representation, but, according to some authorities (Convers. Lex.), the principle is due to Professor Breisig of Danzig. Barker, however, painted and exhibited the first picture of the kind on a large scale, and there are several stories current as to the means by which the idea was first suggested to him. The most credible of these accounts is to the effect that, while sketching on the summit of Calton Hill at Edinburgh, his eye was struck with certain effects which suggested to him the possibility of painting a picture on a large cylindrical surface to represent the entire scene around him to the