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 when an incident occurred which well illustrated his courage and determination. Three missionaries in pursuit of their work had been attacked and grievously ill-treated by a crowd of junkmen out of work. As the tao-t'ai showed little inclination to punish the rioters, Alcock proclaimed that no duties would be paid by English ships, and that not one of the fourteen hundred grain junks which were waiting to sail northwards would be allowed to leave its anchorage until the criminals had been seized and punished. Though at this time there were fifty war junks in the harbour and only one British sloop-of-war, the bold threat had the desired effect; the rioters were punished and the grain junks were allowed to sail. Under his direction the municipal regulations for the government of the British settlement at Shanghai were established, and the foundations of the vast city which has since arisen on the shores of the Wongpoo river were laid.

The services which Alcock had rendered at this new port marked him out for promotion, and in 1858 he was appointed the first consul-general in Japan, on the conclusion of Lord Elgin's treaty. Alcock proceeded at once to Tokio. The admission of foreigners into the country had produced a wild ferment among the military classes of Japan, a spirit which was not long in showing itself in its fiercest aspects. Several foreigners were murdered in the streets of Tokio, and Alcock's Japanese linguist was cut down by a swordsman at the gates of the legation. Not content with these isolated onslaughts the discontented Ronins determined to make a general attack upon the British legation. Without any warning, on the night of 5 July 1801, they scaled the outer fence, killed the gatekeeper and a groom, and rushed towards the rooms occupied by the members of the legation. These defended themselves so well that they beat off their assailants. In the following year Alcock returned to England on leave. He had already been created a C.B., and was now made a knight commander of the Bath on 19 June 1862. On 28 March he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford. In 1864 he returned to Tokio. Here troublous times were in store for him, and it was mainly due to his influence that the battle of Shimonoseki, which opened the Straits to foreign ships, was fought.

In 1865 Alcock left Japan on being appointed minister-plenipotentiary at Peking. There he conducted many delicate and difficult negotiations with the Tsungli-yamen, and the spirit in which Alcock conducted the negotiations was sufficiently illustrated by the remark Prince Kung made to him, that 'if England would only take away her opium and her missionaries the relations between the two countries would be everything that could be desired.' In 1871 Sir Rutherford resigned his post at Peking and retired from the service, settling in London. In his retirement he greatly interested himself in hospital nursing establishments, in promotion of which his medical knowledge proved effective. He served as president of the Geographical Society (1876–8) and vice-president of the Royal Asiatic Society (1875–1878), and was an active supporter of many charitable institutions.

Sir Rutherford died without issue at his residence, 14 Great Queen Street, London, on 2 Nov. 1897. He married first, on 17 May 1841, Henrietta Mary (d. 1853), daughter of Charles Bacon; and secondly, on 8 July 1862, Lucy (d. 1899), widow of the Rev. T. Lowder, British chaplain at Shanghai. Two portraits of Alcock are reproduced in Michie's 'Englishman in China,' one from a drawing made in 1843 by L. A. de Fabeck, and the other from a photograph taken about 1880.

Alcock was author of: He also in 1876 edited the 'Diary' of [q. v.]
 * 1) 'Notes on the Medical History and Statistics of the British Legion in Spain,' London, 1838, 8vo.
 * 2) 'Life's Problems,' 2nd edit. London, 1861, 8vo.
 * 3) 'Elements of Japanese Grammar,' Shanghai, 1861, 4to.
 * 4) 'The Capital of the Tycoon,' London, 1863, 2 vols. 8vo.
 * 5) 'Familiar Dialogues in Japanese, with English and French Translations,' London, 1863, 8vo.
 * 6) 'Art and Art Industries in Japan,' London, 1878, 8vo.



ALEXANDER, CECIL FRANCES (1818–1895), poetess, born in co. Wicklow in 1818, was the second daughter of John Humphreys, major in the royal marines, by his wife, the daughter of Captain Reed of Dublin, and niece of Sir  [q. v.] She began to write poetry at nine years of age, selecting tragic subjects like the death of Nelson and the massacre of Glencoe. While her father was living at Ballykean, in Wicklow, a friendship arose between Miss Humphreys and Lady Harriet Howard, the daughter of the Earl of Wicklow, herself an authoress. Their intimacy continued after Major Humphreys removed to Milltown, near Strabane, on the borders of Donegal and Tyrone. They came under