Page:Dictionary of National Biography. Sup. Vol I (1901).djvu/476

 He was mentioned in despatches of 11 Nov. 1854, 23 June and 9 Sept. 1855. He returned home in November; was made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division, on 5 July 1855, an officer of the French legion of honour, and received the Crimean medal with three clasps, the Sardinian and Turkish medals, and the third class of the Turkish order of the Medjidie. He was also awarded a pension for distinguished service on 23 Nov. 1858.

On 8 April 1856 Chapman was appointed commanding royal engineer of the London military district, from which in September 1857 he was transferred in a similar capacity to Aldershot. From 1 Sept. 1860 he was deputy adjutant-general of royal engineers at the Horse Guards for five years. On 1 Jan. 1866 he went to Dover as commanding royal engineer of the south-eastern military district. On 9 May, while at Dover, he was appointed a member of the commission to inquire into recruiting for the army. He was promoted K.C.B. on 13 March 1867. On 8 April he was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the Bermudas. On 1 July 1870 he resigned this government to accept the appointment of inspector-general of fortifications and director of works at the war office. During the five years he held this post the works under the fortification loan for the defence of the dockyards were in full swing; a large amount of barrack construction and alteration was in hand in connection with the localisation of the forces, of the committee on which he was appointed president on 2 Sept. 1872.

On 2 June 1877 Chapman was promoted G.C.B.; on 21 Feb. 1878 he was sent on a special mission to Rome. He retired from active service on 1 July 1881. He died at his residence in Belgrave Mansions, Grosvenor Gardens, London, on 13 June 1893, and was buried on the 17th in Kingston churchyard, near Taunton, Somerset. Chapman was twice married: first, on 17 Jan. 1846, to Ann Weston (d. 30 Dec. 1879), eldest daughter of William Cox of Cheshunt and Oxford Terrace, London; and, secondly, on 23 May 1889, to Matilda Sara (who survived him), daughter of Benjamin Wood of Long Newnton, Wiltshire, and widow of John Rapp, consul-general in London for Switzerland.



CHAPMAN, JOHN (1822–1894), physician, author, and publisher, was son of a chemist at Nottingham, where he was born in 1822. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker at Worksop, but, not staying long with him, went to his brother, a medical student at Edinburgh, who sent him out to Adelaide to start in business as a watchmaker and optician. Returning to Europe about 1844, he began studying medicine in Paris, and continued his studies at St. George's Hospital, London. After submitting a book on human nature to Green, a publisher and bookseller in Newgate Street, he was led to take over Green's business, which he transferred to 142 Strand. He acted as agent for American firms, and in his capacity of bookseller originated the allowance of 2d. in the shilling discount to retail customers. In 1851 he became editor and proprietor of the 'Westminster Review,' [q. v.] being for a time his associate. Mary Ann Evans [see ] for two years resided with him as sub-editor at the publishing offices, 142 Strand. On 4 May 1852 Chapman convened a meeting of authors to protest against publishers' regulations which fettered the sale of books. Charles Dickens presided, and Babbage, Tom Taylor, Cruikshank, and Professor Owen were present. Emerson, of whom Chapman was an admirer, visited him in London, and he had social, literary, or business relations with John Stuart Mill, F. W. Newman, Louis Blanc, Carlyle, George Combe, J. A. Froude, G. H. Lewes, W. C. Bryant, Harriet and James Martineau, and Herbert Spencer. His receptions attracted especially religious, social, and political reformers, who found in him a warm sympathiser. On 6 May 1857 he took a medical degree at St. Andrews, and practised as a physician. He advocated the application of an ice-bag to the spine as a remedy particularly for sea-sickness and cholera. In March 1860 he handed over his publishing business to George Manwaring. In 1874 he removed to Paris, where he also gathered round him men of advanced views, still continuing, with his wife's assistance, to edit the 'Westminster Review.' He died in Paris on 25 Nov. 1894, from the result of being run over by a cab.

Chapman edited and published 'Chapman's Library for the People,' 15 nos. 1801-1854, and 'Chapman's Quarterly Series,' 7 vols. 1853–4. His original works include:
 * 1) 'Human Nature,' 1844.
 * 2) 'Characteristics of Men of Genius,' 1847.
 * 3) 'The Book-selling System,' 1852.
 * 4) 'Chloroform and other Anaesthetics,' 1859.
 * 5) 'Christian Revivals,' 1860.
 * 6) 'Functional Disorders of the Stomach,' 1864.
 * 7) 'Diarrhoea and Cholera,' 1865.
 * 8) 'Seasickness,' 1869.