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 Humphrey's Clock,' 'Barnaby Rudge,' 'Old Curiosity Shop,' 'Martin Chuzzlewit,' and the 'Christmas Carol;' but in 1844 Dickens quarrelled with the firm, and entered into relations with Messrs. Bradbury & Evans. In 1859, however, Dickens renewed his connection with Messrs. Chapman & Hall, who issued the remainder of his books, and Frederic Chapman purchased the copyright of Dickens's works upon the author's death in 1870. In 1845 Chapman & Hall published the second edition of Carlyle's 'Life of Schiller,' and soon after 1880, when the business was turned into a company, it purchased the copyright of Carlyle's works.

Frederic Chapman projected in 1860 the 'Fortnightly Review,' which was at first edited by [q. v.] and issued twice a month. When Mr. John Morley was appointed editor in 1867 it became a monthly periodical. Mr. Morley retired from the editorship in 1883, and was succeeded in turn by Mr. T. H. S. Escott, Mr. Frank Harris, and Mr. W. L. Courtney. In 1880 Chapman turned his business into a limited company, at the head of which he remained until the time of his death. He died on 1 March 1895, at his house, 10 Ovington Square, London. He was twice married. His first wife was Clara, eldest daughter of Joseph Woodin of Petersham, Surrey. By her he left a son, Frederic Hamilton Chapman, an officer in the Duke of Cornwall's light infantry. His second wife, who survives him, was Annie Marion, daughter of Sir Robert Harding, chief commissioner in bankruptcy. By her he left a daughter, Reine, married to Harold Brooke Alder.

Chapman was on intimate terms with numerous men of letters of his day. He was a keen sportsman—a hunting man in his earlier days, and to the last an expert shot.



CHAPMAN, FREDERICK EDWARD (1815–1893), general, only son of Richard Chapman of Gatchell, near Taunton, and nephew of Sir  [q. v.], was born in Demerara, British Guiana, on 16 Aug. 1815. After passing through the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich he received a commission as second lieutenant in the royal engineers on 18 June 1835. He became brevet colonel 2 Nov. 1855, regimental lieutenant-colonel 1 April 1859, major-general 7 Sept. 1867, lieutenant-general and colonel-commandant royal engineers 12 April 1872, general 1 Oct. 1877.

After the usual course of professional instruction at Chatham, and a few months' service at Portsmouth and Woolwich, Chapman went to the West Indies in November 1837, returning to England in February 1842. He spent a short time in the Dover command, and then was employed in the London military district until February 1846, when he went to Corfu. There he became first known to the Duke of Cambridge, who was commanding the troops in the Ionian Islands. He returned home in October 1851, and did duty at Chatham until the beginning of 1854.

On 13 Jan. 1854 Chapman was sent to the Dardanelles to report on the defences and to examine the peninsula between the Dardanelles and the Gulf of Saros. On the arrival of Sir [q. v.] at Gallipoli in the following month Chapman, by his direction, surveyed the line which Burgoyne considered suitable for an entrenched position to cover the passage of the Dardanelles. He was assisted by Lieutenant (afterwards lieutenant-general) C. B. Ewart and Lieutenant James Burke (afterwards killed on the Danube), and some French and Turkish officers. In spite of severe weather and deep snow Chapman executed the work rapidly, and Burgoyne took the survey with him to England to lay before the government. Chapman next examined and surveyed the position of Buyuk Tchekmedjie, with a view to cover Constantinople by a line of defence works running from sea to sea in the event of the advance of the Russians.

On the declaration of war Chapman was attached to the first division, commanded by the Duke of Cambridge, as senior engineer officer, with Captain Montagu's company of royal sappers and miners under his orders. He did duty with this division while in Turkey, and also for some time in the Crimea. He took part in the battle of the Alma on 20 Sept., and was mentioned in despatches of 28 Sept. 1854. In October he was appointed to the command, as director, of the left British attack at the siege of Sebastopol, and continued in this post until 22 March 1855, when Major (afterwards Major-general Sir) [q. v.], the director of the right British attack, being severely wounded. Chapman became executive engineer for the whole siege operations under Sir [q. v.] Chapman was present at the battle of Inkerman on 5 Nov., and distinguished himself throughout the siege operations, especially in the attack on the Redan on 18 June 1855 and in the assault of 8 Sept.