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 labourers in science. Probably these incessant labours affected even his vigorous constitution, for after suffering in the summer of 1891 from an unusually severe attack of influenza, its effects, aggravated by some domestic anxieties, brought about an unwonted depression (for generally he was remarkable for his buoyant spirits), and while in that condition, yielding to a sudden and unexpected impulse, he ended his life on 21 Oct. 1891. This was a heavy loss to science; it was, if possible, a yet heavier one to friends.

Carpenter was elected F.L.S. in 1886, F.R.S. on 4 June 1885, and in 1883 was awarded by the Geological Society part of the Lyell fund on the same day that his father received the medal. He was married on 19 April 1879 to Caroline Emma Hale, daughter of Edward Hale, an assistant master at Eton, by whom he had five sons, all surviving him.  CARRODUS, JOHN TIPLADY (1836–1895), violinist, son of Tom Carrodus, barber and music-seller, was born at Braithwaite, near Keighley, Yorkshire, on 20 Jan. 1836. He had his first lessons on the violin from his father, and gave a concert at Keighley in 1845. Subsequently he studied under Molique in London and in Stuttgart, and made a brilliant debut at the Hanover Square Rooms on 1 June 1849. He joined the orchestra of the Royal Italian Opera in 1855, and, when Costa and Sainton resigned in 1869, he was appointed leader, a post which he retained for twenty years. Ultimately he became principal violinist in the Philharmonic and several other leading orchestras; and he was leader at the Leeds festival from 1880 to 1892. As a quartet player he appeared first at Molique's chamber concerts in 1850, and as a soloist at the London Musical Society in 1863. In the latter capacity he was specially well known, being engaged at the Crystal Palace and the leading metropolitan and provincial concerts. In 1876 he was appointed professor of the violin at the National Training School for Music, and in 1881 he began giving violin recitals, which practically ended with a tour in South Africa (1890–1). For some time he was a professor at the Guildhall School of Music and at Trinity College, London, In February 1895 the freedom of Keighley was presented to him in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of his first public appearance there. He was a splendid teacher, and in that capacity largely influenced the younger generation of violinists. His solo-playing was much admired on account of his fine tone and reliable technique. Correctness and neatness rather than warmth and passion were the distinguishing features of his style, and his 'school' was generally accepted as a modification of that of Spohr. His published compositions include a romance (London, 1881, fol.) and several fantasias; and he edited for Pitman's 'Sixpenny Musical Library' a collection of celebrated violin duets in eight books (London, 1880, 4to) and some studies. He wrote a good deal on his art in the musical and other journals. His 'Chats to Violin Students,' originally published in 'The Strad,' were subsequently issued in book form (London, 1895). He died suddenly in London, from rupture of the oesophagus, on 13 July 1895. He was twice married, and left five sons in the profession.  CARROLL, LEWIS (1833–1898), pseudonym. [See ]  CASEY, JOHN (1820–1891), mathematician, born at Kilkenny, co. Cork, in May 1820, was the son of William Casey. He was educated at first in a small school in his native village, and afterwards at Mitchelstown. He became a teacher under the board of national education in various schools, including Tipperary national school, and ultimately head-master of the central model schools, Kilkenny. He turned his attention to mathematics, and succeeded in solving Poncelet's theorem geometrically. This solution led him into correspondence with Dr. Salmon and Richard Townsend (1821-1884) [q.v.] At Townsend's suggestion he entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1858, obtaining a sizarship in 1859 and a scholarship in 1861, and graduating B.A. in 1862. From 1862 till 1873 he was mathematical master in Kingstown school. On 14 May 1866 he was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and in March 1880 became a member of its council. In 1869 he received from Dublin University the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1873 he was offered a professorship of mathematics at Trinity College, but with some reluctance he chose rather to 