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Clarke Writers, p. 298). Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's rôles included Dame Quickly in ‘The Merry Wives of Windsor’ at the Haymarket, on 15 May 1848, Tib in ‘Every Man in his Humour,’ and Mrs. Hillary in Kenney's ‘Love, Law, and Physic’ on 17 May. The repertoire also contained ‘Animal Magnetism,’ ‘Two o'clock in the Morning,’ and ‘Used Up,’ and performances were given during June and July at Liverpool, Birmingham, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. In 1849 the Novellos moved to Nice, and their house, Craven Hill Cottage (9 Craven Hill, Bayswater), was taken by the Cowden-Clarkes.

Meanwhile Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's pen was occupied in various essays in Shakespearean interpretation. A small volume entitled ‘Shakespeare Proverbs; or, the Wise Saws of our wisest Poet collected into a Modern Instance,’ appeared in 1848, and between 1850 and 1852 was published, in three volumes, a series of fifteen tales under the general title of ‘The Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines.’ The tales have each separate title-pages and were dedicated among others to William Charles Macready, Charles Dickens, Douglas Jerrold, Leigh Hunt, and J. Payne Collier. From 1853 to 1856 Mrs. Cowden-Clarke edited ‘The Musical Times,’ to which she induced Leigh Hunt to contribute. She herself wrote for the paper a long series of articles called ‘Music among the Poets.’ In 1856 the Cowden-Clarkes left England permanently for Italy. From that year to 1861, the date of Vincent Novello's death, they lived at Nice, removing after 1861 to Genoa, where their house was named Villa Novello. While at Nice Mrs. Cowden-Clarke published ‘World-noted Women, or Types of Womanly Attributes of all Lands and all Ages’ (New York, 1858). In 1860 she issued ‘Shakespeare's Works, edited with a scrupulous revision of the text’ (New York and London), and in 1864 ‘The Life and Labours of Vincent Novello.’ During the preceding year she and her husband began for Messrs. Cassell & Co. their annotated edition of Shakespeare's plays. This was published in weekly numbers, completed on 16 March 1868, and was reissued in three volumes with illustrations by H. C. Selous. Immediately afterwards they started ‘The Shakespeare Key, unlocking the Treasures of his Style, elucidating the Peculiarities of his Construction, and displaying the Beauties of his Expression; forming a Companion to "The Complete Concordance to Shakespeare."’ This, though finished in June 1872, was not published until 1879. During the next few years the ‘Recollections of Writers’ were contributed by Mrs. Cowden-Clarke and her husband to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’ Charles Cowden-Clarke died in his ninetieth year on 13 March 1877, and in the following year his widow was in England superintending the publication in volume form of the ‘Recollections.’ The series, containing letters and memoirs of John Keats, Leigh Hunt, Douglas Jerrold, Charles Dickens, and Charles and Mary Lamb, appeared with a preface by Mrs. Cowden-Clarke in 1878. She was in England again in the summer of 1881. In 1887 she commemorated the hundredth anniversary of her husband's birth with a ‘Centennial Biographic Sketch of Charles Cowden-Clarke,’ which was printed privately, and in 1896 she published a pleasantly written autobiography entitled ‘My Long Life.’ She died at Villa Novello, Genoa, on 12 Jan. 1898, in her eighty-ninth year.

Apart from the works cited, and many occasional contributions to newspapers and magazines, Mrs. Cowden-Clarke published: 1. Two stories in ‘A Book of Stories for Young People’ (1848), the remaining contributions being by Mary Howitt and Mrs. S. C. Hall. 2. ‘Kit Bam's Adventures; or, the Yarns of an Old Mariner,’ 1849, illustrated by George Cruikshank. 3. ‘The Iron Cousin; or, Mutual Influence,’ 1854, 2 vols. 4. ‘The Song of a Drop o' Wather,’ by Harry Wandsworth Shortfellow, 1856. 5. ‘Trust and Remittance,’ 1873. 6. ‘Short Stories in Metrical Prose,' 1873, 7. ‘A Rambling Story,’ 1874, 2 vols. 8. ‘Verse Waifs,’ 1883. 9. ‘A Score of Sonnets to one object,’ 1884. 10. ‘Uncle Peep and I: a Child's Novel,’ 1886. 11. ‘Memorial Sonnets,’ 1888. She prepared with her husband an illustrated volume, ‘Many Happy Returns of the Day: a Birthday Book,’ 1847 (other editions 1860 and 1869). She also translated from the French of Hector Berlioz ‘A Treatise upon Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration,’ 1856.

C.E.H.

 CLAUGHTON, THOMAS LEGH (1808–1892), bishop of St. Albans, son of Thomas Claughton, M.P., and elder brother of Piers Calverley Claughton [q. v.], was born at Haydock Lodge, Winwick, Lancashire, on 6 Nov. 1808. His mother was Maria, daughter of Colonel Thomas Peter Legh, of Lyme Park, Cheshire. He was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Oxford, where he was