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 nominated to it by Lord Palmerston in 1849. In the next ten years he held appointments in Washington and Turin (1849), Paris and Frankfort (1852), Stuttgart (1854), and Vienna (1856). In December 1858 he was appointed secretary of the legation in China on the staff of (Sir) Frederick William Adolphus Bruce [q.v.] and proceeded to China in March 1859. Bruce sent him back to England in January 1860 to report to the government the active resistance which was offered to the progress of the British mission to the Chinese capital. This report led to the Anglo-French expedition to Peking in that year. Promotion came slowly to Rumbold, and he held in succession a long series of minor diplomatic posts. After serving at Athens (1862, 1866–1867), Berne (1864), St. Petersburg (1868–1871), and Constantinople (1871), he became consul-general in Chile (1872–1878), minister at Berne (1878), and envoy extraordinary to Argentina (1879–1881), Sweden and Norway (1881–1884), Greece (1884–1888), and the Netherlands (1888–1896). In 1896 he was appointed ambassador at Vienna. To his friends' congratulations he replied that it was ‘not promotion but reparation’, and four years later he retired (1900).

Rumbold occupied his leisure in writing accounts of his wide experience as a diplomatist. He was the author of The Great Silver River: Notes of a Residence in Buenos Ayres (1887), Recollections of a Diplomatist (1902), Further Recollections (1903), and Final Recollections (1905). In 1909 he published The Austrian Court in the Nineteenth Century, a book which created some sensation, and was regarded as a grave indiscretion at a time when high officials had not acquired the habit of writing memoirs.

Rumbold succeeded his brother, Sir Charles Hale Rumbold, as eighth baronet, in 1877 (the baronetcy having passed in turn, since his father's death in 1833, to his three elder surviving brothers and a nephew). He was made a privy councillor in 1896 and G.C.B. in 1897. He died at Lymington, Hampshire, 3 November 1913.

Rumbold married twice: first, in 1867 Caroline Barney (died 1872), daughter of George Harrington, United States minister at Berne, of Washington, U.S.A., by whom he had three sons; secondly, in 1881 Louisa Anne, daughter of Thomas Russell Crampton, and widow of Captain St. George Francis Robert Caulfield, 1st Life Guards, by whom he had one son. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Horace George Montagu (born 1869), also a distinguished diplomatist, who in 1920 was appointed British ambassador at Constantinople.  RUTHERFORD, MARK (pseudonym), novelist, philosophical writer, and literary critic. [See ]

ST. ALDWYN, first (1837–1916), statesman. [See .|

SANDAY, WILLIAM (1843–1920), theological scholar, the eldest son of William Sanday, a well-known breeder of sheep and cattle, by his wife, Elizabeth Mann, was born 1 August 1843 at Holme Pierrepont, Nottinghamshire, where his family had been settled for more than a century. He was educated at Repton School from 1858 to 1861 and went up to Oxford as a commoner of Balliol College in 1862. but gained a scholarship at Corpus Christi College in 1863. He obtained a first class in classical moderations (1863), and in literae humaniores (1865), and was elected fellow of Trinity College in 1866. He remained there as a lecturer till 1869 when, having taken priest's orders, he left Oxford and held in succession the college livings of Navestock, Essex, Abingdon (1871–1872), Great Waltham (1872–1873), and Barton-on-the-Heath (1873–1876). Sanday was appointed principal of Hatfield Hall, Durham, in 1876, but was recalled to Oxford on his election in 1882 to Dean Ireland's professorship of the exegesis of Holy Scripture, a poorly paid chair which was made more acceptable by his appointment as fellow and tutor of Exeter College in the following year. From 1895 to 1919 he was Lady Margaret professor of divinity and canon of Christ Church. He was one of the original fellows of the British Academy (1903) and an honorary doctor of many universities. He married in 1877 Marian (died 1904), daughter of Warren Hastings Woodman Hastings, of Twining, Tewkesbury; they had no children. He died at Oxford 16 September 1920.

Sanday enjoyed an even academic life of thirty-seven years as professor, and spent nearly half a century in Oxford; his life's work, equally homogeneous, was dedicated to the scientific study of the New Testament and especially of the Gospels. He had no master, though his later development owed much to the influence of friends and fellow-workers, notably from 1883 to 1889 of Edwin Hatch [q.v.], and from 1895 to 1903 of 482