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  sought, as well as the influence of his firm, were always at the disposal of the British government, quite independently of party, in international and also in financial affairs; and it was with the firm's assistance that Lord Beaconsfield acquired for Great Britain a controlling interest in the Suez Canal in 1875. It was four years after this, on the death of his father, that Nathan Rothschild succeeded to the headship of the firm. In 1882, when Egypt was on the verge of financial collapse, the firm came to her assistance and to that of the British government, and was largely instrumental in maintaining the financial stability of Egypt during the crisis. In the city of London Rothschild held a unique position as the personification of the best aspects of the City's finance, and the influence of his firm and himself have been compared with that of the Bank of England.

Lord Rothschild, however, stood out in the public eye as a philanthropist no less than as a financier. The generosity of himself and of his family was proverbial as well as princely. It is not known whether Lord Rothschild set out to observe strictly the Jewish law that a tithe of income be devoted to philanthropic and public purposes; but it is probable that a tithe of his firm's immense income, and possibly more, was devoted to the benefit of others. Under his headship one of the departments of the firm was devoted exclusively to the administration of the large amount set aside for charitable purposes, and it is certain that no deserving object of charity, the needs of which were known, was left unassisted. But Rothschild's charity did not consist merely in the distribution of relief to individuals or institutions. Every public subscription included a donation from his firm, and his assistance and advice were freely granted whenever a movement for the relief of any section of humanity arose in the city of London. It is not possible to give here a full list of the philanthropic offices which he held. He was president of three hospitals and treasurer of a fourth as well as of King Edward VII's hospital fund. He was also chairman of the council of the British Red Cross Society, and guided its destinies and controlled its finances during the early period of the European War. In the Anglo-Jewish community he was at one time or another officially connected with practically every institution of any consequence; and he was in later life regarded as the lay head of the community. He also showed himself a munificent benefactor of his fellow Jews in all parts of the world. The many funds for the relief of persecuted or distressed Jews abroad were always headed by a donation from the house of Rothschild. After the death in 1885 of Sir Moses Haim Montefiore [q.v.] Rothschild may almost be said to have been the generally acknowledged leader of the Jews of the world. His philanthropy even invaded the realm of business, for largely through his influence the doors of the city of London were closed to anti-Semitic powers seeking loans.

Lord Rothschild was for long out of sympathy with the Zionist movement; and although Theodor Herzl at the opening of his career endeavoured to secure Rothschild's support, he failed. Later, however, the two men came together in connexion with the royal commission on alien immigration (1902), of which Rothschild was a member, and the latter's views became somewhat modified. When the outbreak of the European War and the participation of Turkey made Zionism a matter of practical politics it is said that Rothschild's views underwent further modification, and that when he died he was no longer antipathetic to the Zionist ideals as they had in the meanwhile developed. His death took place in London 31 March 1915.

Lord Rothschild married in 1867 Emma Louisa, daughter of Baron Karl von Rothschild, of Frankfort, by whom he had two sons and one daughter. He was survived by his wife and was succeeded by his elder son, Lionel Walter, second Baron Rothschild (born 1868).

A portrait of Lord Rothschild was painted by W. W. Ouless in 1917 (Royal Academy Pictures, 1917).

 RUMBOLD, HORACE, eighth baronet (1829–1913), diplomatist, the fifth son of Sir William Rumbold, third baronet, by his wife, Henrietta Elizabeth, second daughter of Thomas Boothby Parkyns, first Baron Rancliffe, was born in Calcutta 2 July 1829. His father had served on the staff of the second Earl of Moira (afterwards Marquess of Hastings) when governor-general of Bengal. Horace was sent home from India when he was three years old, and was privately educated in Paris, where he had many relations amongst the old French aristocracy. No examinations were required in those days for the diplomatic service, and he was  481