Page:Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, volume 3.djvu/255

 spirit which ranks the annotation with the text.

Rutherford was profoundly dissatisfied with the revised version of the New Testament. His sense of Hellenistic Greek told him that the author of the Pauline epistles thought in one language and wrote in another. In 1900 he brought out a new translation of the Epistle to the Romans. He began a new translation of the Epistles to the Thessalonians and to the Corinthians. He completed the work as far as 2 Cor. viii. 24, when on 19 July 1907 he died somewhat suddenly at Little Hallands. He was buried in Bishopstone churchyard. His last work was published posthumously with a biographical sketch by his friend Spenser Wilkinson.

Rutherford, though an admirer of Cobet and Blass, had too independent a genius to be any man's disciple. His fame as a scholar rests chiefly on his studies of Attic, of Aristophanes, and of New Testament Greek. His translations of St. Paul have to contend against some theological prejudice, but he was more learned and acute than any of his critics.

Rutherford married, on 3 Jan. 1884, (Constance Grordon, daughter of John Thomson Renton, of Bradston Brooke, Surrey. His wife with three daughters survives him.

A crayon portrait by J. Seymour Lucas, R.A., is in Ashburnham House, Westminster School. A portrait in oils by the same artist, for which Old Westminsters subscribed in 1901, is with Mrs. Rutherford for her life and will ultimately come to the school. The cartoon by 'Spy' in 'Vanity Fair,' 3 March 1898, is a remarkable likeness.  RUTLAND, seventh [See  (1818-1906), politician.]

RYE, MARIA SUSAN (1829–1903), social reformer, born at 2 Lower James Street, Golden Square, London, on 31 March 1829, was eldest of the nine children of Edward Rye, solicitor and bibliophile of Golden Square, London, by his wife Maria Tuppen of Brighton. Edward Rye of Baconsthorpe, Norfolk, was her grandfather. Of her brothers, Edward Caldwell Rye [q. v.] was an accomplished entomologist, and Walter, solicitor, antiquary, and athlete, has published many works on Norfolk history and topography and was mayor of Norwich in 1908–9.

Miss Rye received her education at home and read for herself in the large library of her father. Coming under the influence of Charles Kingsley's father, then vicar of St. Luke's, Chelsea, she devoted herself at the age of sixteen to parochial work in Chelsea. She was early impressed by the disabilities of her sex, and by their lack of opportunity of employment outside the teaching profession. In succession to Mary Howitt [q. v.], she soon became secretary of the association for promoting the married women's property bill, which was brought forward by Sir Thomas Erskine Perry [q. v.] in 1856 but was not fully passed till 1882. She joined the Women's Employment Society on its foundation, but, disapproving of the women's franchise movement which the leading members supported, soon left it. In 1859 she undertook a private law-stationer's business at 12 Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, in order to give employment to middle class girls. At the same time she helped to establish the Victoria printing press in association with her business in 1860 (under the charge of Miss Emily Faithfull), and the registry office and telegraph school in Great Coram St., with Miss Isa Craig [q. v. Suppl. II] as secretary. The telegraph school anticipated the employment of girls as telegraph clerks.

Miss Rye's law-stationer's business prospered, but the applications for employment were far in excess of the demands of the concern. With Miss Jane Lewin, Miss Rye consequently raised a fund for assisting middle class girls to emigrate, and to the question of emigration she devoted the rest of her life. She founded in 1861 the Female Middle Class Emigration Society (absorbed since 1884 in the United British Women's Emigration Association; cf. her Emigration of Educated Women, 1861). Between 1860 and 1868 she was instrumental in sending girls of the middle class and domestic servants to AustraUa, New Zealand, and Canada, and she visited these colonies to form committees for the protection of the emigrants.

From 1868, when she handed over her law business to Miss Lewin, Miss Rye devoted herself exclusively to the emigration of pauper children, or, in a phrase which she herself coined, 'gutter children.' After visiting in New York the Little Wanderers' Home for the training of derelict children for emigrant life which Mr. Van Meter, a baptist minister from Ohio, had founded, she resolved to give the system a trial in London. Encouraged by the earl of Shaftesbury and 'The Times' 