Page:Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, volume 1.djvu/253

 Among the many purposes to which it has been applied is that of driving torpedoes by means of compressed air. In 1876 he designed his air-compressor, with the object of simplifying the type of compressor then in use for torpedoes. He succeeded in obtaining four stages of expansion while using only two cylinders, by means of a combined piston and plunger, to which motion was imparted by a cross-head worked by a pair of reciprocating double-acting steam-cylinders, their valves being again actuated from a crankshaft fitted with a flywheel. Later on he devised a three-stage pump worked from a single rod, and in 1876 a servo-motor for torpedoes. He also had a share in the introduction of the high-speed engine. His first ordinary double-acting engines designed, constructed, and under steam within twenty-seven working days were used in Queen Victoria's yacht Victoria and Albert for electric lighting, being directly coupled to the dynamo.

In 1881 the works were transferred to Belvedere Road, Lambeth, where Brotherhood designed and built a model engineering workshop of moderate size.

Brotherhood was elected an associate member of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 5 May 1868, and a full member on 4 Feb. 1879. He was elected a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1874, and of the Iron and Steel Institute in 1877.

He died at his residence, 15 Hyde Park Gardens, W., on 13 Oct. 1902, and was buried at Kensal Green. He married on 19 April 1866 Eliza Pinniger, eldest daughter of James Hunt of Kensington and Brighton; she survived him with three sons and two daughters.

 BROUGH, BENNETT HOOPER (1860–1908), mining expert, born at Clapham on Sept. 1860, was elder son of John Cargill Brough, F.C.S., librarian of the London Institution in Finsbury Circus, and nephew of Robert Barnabas Brough [q. v.], William Brough [q. v.J, and Lionel Brough [q. v. Suppl. II]. His father died when he was twelve. With the aid of funds raised by friends, Bennett was sent to the City of London School. Thence he passed in 1878 to the Royal School of Mines, of which he became an associate in 1881. The following year was spent at the Royal Prussian Mining Academy at Clausthal in the Harz. In 1882 Brough was appointed assistant to Sir Warington W. Smyth [q. v.], professor of mining at the Royal School of Mines, and in 1886 he started at the school a course in mine surveying, which proved a great success. His 'Treatise on Mine Surveying,' of which the first edition appeared in 1888, reached its thirteenth edition in 1907. From 1883 to 1893 he was co-editor of the 'Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute,' and in 1893 became secretary of that institute, a post which he retained till his death. His services were constantly in request as abstractor, writer, lecturer, and juror on mining subjects. He contributed to 'Chambers's Encyclopaedia' the article on 'Mining,' and to the 'Dictionary of Applied Chemistry' the article on 'Fuel.' The 'Journals' of the Iron and Steel Institute, Institution of Mining Engineers, Society of Arts, and other publications contain numerous articles from his prolific pen. He was on the governing bodies of the Institute of Chemistry, Chemical Society, and Institute of Secretaries. He was also a knight of the Swedish Order of Vasa. On 1 Oct. 1908, whilst at Middlesbrough for a meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, Brough was suddenly taken ill and died at a nursing home at Newcastle two days later, being buried in the Surbiton and Kingston cemetery. He married in 1895 Barbara, daughter of Edward Lloyd, barrister at law (who was assassinated near Athens in 1870), and had by her one son and one daughter.

 BROUGH, LIONEL (1836–1909), actor, born at Pontypool, Monmouthshire, on 10 March 1836, was youngest of the four children (all sons) of Barnabas Brough, a brewer and wine merchant, of tory principles, who fell into reduced circumstances through political persecution, and, late in life, wrote plays under the pseudonym of Barnard de Burgh (d. 1854). Lionel's brothers, William [q. v.], Robert Barnabas [q. v.], and John Cargiil (1834-1872), all won some literary distinction.

Brough was educated at Manchester grammar school and at Williams's private academy in London, but when about twelve was compelled by family necessities to start life as an errand-boy in the editorial offices of the 'Illustrated London News.' On 26 Dec. 1854 he made his first appearance on the stage at the Lyceum Theatre, under Madame Vestris and Charles Mathews, in his brother William's extravaganza 