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 the oldest paper in the Panjab : to Lucknow in 1858, and, under official patronage, founded a press there, which rose to be the largest printing concern in India, employing nearly 1,000 hands : opened branches at Cawnpur and Lahore, and agencies throughout and beyond India : aimed at educating the people : for this purpose he maintained an Urdu daily news-paper, the Oudh Akhbar, and translated into Urdu numerous standard works in Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit and English : published more than 4,000 different works. The Oudh Akhbar was originally a weekly, but in 1878 became a daily publication, and is still one of the leading vernacular organs in N. India. Newal Kishor attained to great wealth, and was very liberal, especially in the cause of education : helped to establish the Jubilee High School at Lucknow, and the Lyall Library at Alighar : gave large collections of books, numerous scholarships and medals, to other institutions : did much for the Dufferin Fund and his own community, building and endowing a boarding-house for Bhargava students at Agra : supported all public movements in the United Provinces, was always ready to help charitable institutions and schemes of all creeds : founded the Lucknow Paper Mills, one of the chief concerns in the United Provinces under Indian ownership and management : Hony. Magte. : Municipal Commissioner : Fellow of the Allahabad University : C.I.E., 1888 : died Feb. 19, 1895.

NEWBOLD, THOMAS JOHN (1807–1850)

Son of Dr. Francis Newbold : born Feb. 8, 1807 : joined the E. I. Co.'s 23rd Madras light infantry in 1828 : served in Malacca, 1832–5 : Wrote a book on the British settlements in the Straits and a History of the Malayan States : studied the geology of Southern India : travelled largely in Arabia, Asia Minor, on the Continent : F.R.S. : Member of the Asiatic Society, 1841, for which he wrote scientific papers : chiefly on geology and literary subjects : Oriental scholar : Captain, 1842 : assistant at Kurnoul, 1842–5 : travelled in Syria and Egypt : Assistant Resident at Hyderabad, 1846 : travelled to Shiraz, Nineveh, Bagdad, 1849 : died at Mahableshwar, May 29, 1850.

NEWMARCH, SIR OLIVER RICHARDSON (1834–)

Born Oct. 31, 1834 : son of Dr. Henry Newmarch M.D. : educated at Charterhouse and Merton College, Oxford : entered Bengal Army, 1855 : served in Indian mutiny, 1857–8 : Military Secretary to Government of India, 1884 : Accountant General, Military Department, 1878 : Military Secretary, India Office, 1889–99 : Maj-General : retired, 1887 : C.S.L, 1888 : K.C.S.I., 1894.

NICHOLSON, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS ( ? - )

I.C.S. : went out to Madras, 1869 : Member of Board of Revenue, Madras, 1899 : of the Governor-General's Legislative Council, 1897–9, and 1900–2 : reported on the establishment of Agricultural Banks in India : Member of the Famine Commission, 1901 : C.I.E., 1899 : K.CI.E., 1903 : retired.

NICHOLSON, JOHN (1821–1857)

Son of Dr. Alexander Nicholson : born Dec. II, 1821 : his mother's brother, (Sir) James Weir Hogg (q.v.), obtained for him an appointment in the Bengal Infantry : reached Calcutta, 1839 : went to Afghanistan with the 27th N.I. in 1840, to Jalalabad, Kabul, Ghazni, where he was, with Colonel Palmer's force, besieged in Dec. 1841 : made prisoner in April, 1842 : sent to Kabul in Aug. and released in Sep. : in the Satlaj campaign, in the commissariat at Firozshahr : sent to instruct the troops of the Maharaja of Kashmir : Assistant to Sir Henry Lawrence at Lahore : in the Panjab campaign of 1848–9, seized Attock and the Margalla Pass : at ChUianwala and Gujarat, and in the pursuit of the Sikhs : Deputy Commissioner under the Panjab Board of Administration : at Bannu, 1851–6 : he was "a tower of strength," Lord Dalhousie said : the natives regarded him as a demigod and worshipped him as "Nikkul Seyn" : Brevet-Lt-Colonel, 1854 : Deputy Commissioner of Peshawar in 1857 : succeeded (Sir) N. B. Chamberlain (q.v.), in command, as Brig-General of the Panjab movable column, to Delhi : disarmed suspected native regiments : cut off rebels at Trimmu Ghat and on the Ravi river : reached Delhi, Aug. 14, 1857 : commanded in the