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 later, Samuel Turner (q.v.) to Tashilhunpo in Tibet : originated the acquisition of revenue by farming out the opium trade. Hastings' conditional resignation of his office, accepted by the Court of Directors, but annulled by the Supreme Court : by the deaths of Monson and Clavering, he obtained predominance in Council : he married the divorcee. Baroness Imhoff, in Aug. 1877 : he frustrated the operations of the Mahrattas and of Hyder Ali : on Aug. 17, 1780, he fought a duel with Francis (q.v.) and wounded him. By a force under Sir Eyre Coote, he drove Hyder Ali out of the Carnatic and made the treaty of Salbai on May 17, 1782, with Sindia for the Mahrattas : his demand on Chait Singh, Raja of Benares, for a war contribution, being resisted, he went to Benares to levy it; had to flee to Chunar, but eventually succeeded, and deposed Chait Singh : the Court of Proprietors approved his action : large sums of money were recovered by the Nawab of Oudh from "the Oudh Begams" to meet Hastings' demands, and he has been much blamed for his share in the occurrence. He established the Calcutta Madrasa and assisted in the foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal : he embarked for England Feb. 1, 1785 : wrote his Review of the State of Bengal at sea. His impeachment, for maladministration, began in Feb, 1788, Burke and others being the managers, with the assistance of Sir P. Francis : Hastings was acquitted on all the charges in April, 1795, after a trial lasting 145 days : the trial cost him £70,000: the E. I. Co. gave him a grant of money. He received no honours. When he attended the House of Commons, in 1813, the whole House rose and did him honours. He was made Privy Councillor and D.C.L. of Oxford. He repurchased the family estate of Daylesford. He died Aug. 22, 1818. His great public services are admitted : his character and the means he employed have been keenly criticised, and will probably be always discussed, but later writings have done much to remove the unfavourable impression which Mill and Macaulay created against him. His motto, "Mens aequa in arduis," represents the tranquil fortitude with which he met the difficulties of his troubled career. His statue is in Calcutta.  HATHAWAY, CHARLES (1817–1903)

Doctor : born 1817 : educated at King Edward's School at Sherborne : studied for his profession at St. Thomas's and Guy's hospitals : entered the E. I. Co.'s medical service in 1843 : the Satlaj campaign, 1 84 5-6 : Civil Surgeon at Lahore : was, in 1852, appointed Inspr-General of Prisons in the Panjab, in which he effected many reforms, largely reducing the mortality : was made Sanitary Commissioner in 1862 : and appointed Private Secretary to Sir John Lawrence, then Governor-General of India, from 1864–6, when he retired : died Aug. 29, 1903.  HAUG, MARTIN H. (1827–1876)

Born Jan. 30, 1827, at Ostdorf in Wirtemburg : son of a peasant : early showed an aptitude for languages : studied Oriental languages, at Stuttgart and Tiibingen, where he graduated Phil.D. m 1851, and at Gottingen : was admitted "Privat-docent," 1854, at Bonn : studied at Zend under Lassen, for 6 years, under great privations : became temporarily Secretary to Baron Bunsen in Heidelberg. In 1859 he was appointed Professor of Sanskrit at Poona : stayed in India till 1866 : acquired great knowledge of Brahminisim, and of the ancient Zoroastrian religion : collected in Gujarat, 1863–4, ancient MSS. Zend-Pahlavi and Vedic documents, which the State Library at Munich bought after his death : returned to Europe on account of ill-health : appointed Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology at the University of Munich, retaining this post till his death : published Die fiinf Gathas, 1858, 1860; Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsees, 1862–78; an edition, with translation, of the Aitareya Brahmana, 1863, and a Zend-Pahlavi glossary, 1868. His Pahlavi : Pazand glossary, brought out in conjunction with a Parsi scholar, 1870, the Book of Arda Viraf, and other lesser works, mark a distinct epoch in the study of Pahlavi : translated part of the Vendidad and published other works on the Zendavesta : besides treatises on Brahma and the Brahmans, and on the nature and value of the Vedic accent in Sanskrit : died at Ragatz, June 3, 1876.