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Rh Udwanala : took Monghyr : marched on Patna, and took it by assault, though he was so broken down by illness that he could scarcely retain his command. Mir Kasim had fled from Patna on the approach of the English : Adams pursued him as far as the boundary of Oudh : he then handed over the command to Knox and died, worn out, Jan. 16, 1764. 

ADYE, SIR JOHN MILLER (1891–1900)

Born Nov. 1, 1819, son of Major J. P. Adye, R.A. : entered the Royal Artillery in Dec. 1836 : in the Crimea as Brig-Major to the Artillery; Brevet-Lt-Colonel, 1854, and C.B. : through the mutiny as A.A.G. for Royal Artillery: with General Windham at Cawnpur and at the defeat of the Gwalior contingent, Dec. 6, 1857 : commanded the R.A. in Madras in 1859 : D.A.G. of Artillery in India, 1863; in the Sitana (Umbeyla) campaign : Director of Artillery at the War Office, 1870 : to the Crimea in 1872, to report on the British cemeteries and monuments : Governor of R.M.A. Woolwich, 1875 : wrote largely on the question of the Russians in Central Asia and on Afghanistan, opposing a forward policy : Surveyor-General of Ordnance, 1880 : Chief of the Staff to Lord Wolseley in the Egyptian campaign, 1882 : Governor of Gibraltar, 1883–1886 : K.C.B. in 1873 : Commander of the Legion of Honour, 1874 : G.C.B. in 1882, and the Order of the Medjidie : General, Nov. 20, 1884 : died Aug. 26, 1900. He wrote on India, viz.. The Defence of Cawnpur, Sitana, a Mountain Campaign, Indian Frontier History,and an autobiography. 

AFGHANISTAN, ABDUR RAHMAN, AMIR OF (1844–1901)

Son of Afzal Khan, and grandson of the Amir Dost Muhammad : confirmed by Shir Ali, in 1863, in a government in Turkistan : took part in the civil war between his father and his uncle Shir Ali (q.v.) : escaped to Bokhara when his father was imprisoned in 1864 : collected a force and defeated Shir Ali at Shekhabad in May, 1866, and recovered Kabul for his father : on the latter's death, in 1867, became C. in C. to his uncle Muhammad Azim : retired to Balkh : he was defeated at Tinak Khan, by Yakub on behalf of Shir Ali, on Jan. 3, 1869, and made for Bokhara, receiving an allowance from Russia : remained for 10 years at Samar-kand. In 1880 he watched events from Balkh, and, when Yakub Khan abdicated and was sent to India, negotiations were opened with Abdur Rahman, who proceeded to Charikar, was recognised as Amir of Kabul by the British Government in July, 1880, and finally nominated Amir on Aug. 10 : he subsequently occupied Kandahar when evacuated by the British forces, lost it to his uncle Ayub Khan (q.v.) in 1881, but personally recovered it from Ayub in Sep. 1881 : established his power throughout Afghanistan, and had frontier disputes with Russia : visited the Viceroy, Lord Duf-ferin, at Rawul Pindi, March, 1885, to discuss Afghan affairs, and was then made G.C.S.I. At the time of the Penjdeh incident with Russia, in April, 1885, he showed great forbearance. He had to repress risings in various parts of the kingdom : defeated his cousin Ishak, Governor of Turkistan. In 1893 he received Sir M. Durand's mission to settle a number of frontier questions, which at times had nearly led to hostilities with the British. He ruled with a rod of iron. GC.B., 1895 : disappointed at not being allowed to have a diplomatic agent resident in London, for which he asked through his son Nasrulla, in 1895. During his reign he employed English firms and experts to work for him at Kabul, and greatly strengthened his kingdom and military power, but maintained the traditional Afghan policy of keeping foreigners in general out of his country: in an autobiography he showed his confidence in the British alliance : he died Oct. 3, 1901. 

AFGHANISTAN, DOST MUHAMMAD KHAN, AMIR OF (1791–1863)

Twentieth son of Payinda Khan (executed 1799), who was chief of the Barakzais, and brother of Fateh Khan, the Barakzai "Mayor of the Palace" of Mahmud Shah, of the Abdalis, or Duranis. As the result of the fighting among the members of the Durani and Barakzai families from the time of Payinda Khan, Dost Muhammad established himself in 1822–3 in Kabul, Kashmir having been lost to the Sikhs in 1819, Herat and Peshawar not being in his power. He defeated Shah Shuja, the Sadazai or, Durani, late Amir, at Kandahar in 1833: