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  chief of the Rohillas, who had settled on the N.W. frontier of Oudh : joined his people in 1739 and received large grants of land from his nephew : on the death of Ali Muhammad, he was made "Hafiz" or "guardian" of his sons : but betrayed the trust and made himself virtual ruler of the country : entered into alliance with the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja-ud-daula, against the Mahrattas, engaging to pay him 40 lakhs in return for his aid. Sir Robert Barker, the English general, attested the treaty. The Mahrattas were driven out, but Rahmat Khan failed to fulfil his part of the engagement. The destruction of the Rohillas was the result : they were defeated at Miranpiir Katra by the united forces of the Nawab and the English : Hafiz Rahmat Khan was killed in the battle (1774) : a man of education, and of literary attainments : a strong ruler, and on the whole a beneficent one, both towards the Rohillas and as regards his Hindu subjects.

HAINES, SIR FREDERICK PAUL (1819–)

Field Marshal : son of Gregory Haines, C.B. : entered the Army, 1839 : Military Secretary to Sir Hugh Gough, C. in C, India, 1845–9 : served in the Satlaj campaign, 1845–6 : present at Mudki and Firozshahr : in the Panjab campaign of 1848–9, at Ramnagar, the Chenab, Chilianwala, Gujarat : Crimea, 1854–5 : C. in C. Madras, 1871–5 : C. in C. India, 1876–81, during the Afghan war, 1879–80 : thanked by Parliament : K.C.B., 1871 : General and G.C.B., 1877 : G.C.S.I.

HALDANE, JAMES AYLMER LOWTHORPE (1862–)

Born Nov. 17, 1862 : son of D. Rutherford Haldane, M.D. : educated at Wimbledon school, Edinburgh Academy, and at the Staff College : joined the Gordon Highlanders, 1882 : served in Waziristan expedition, 1894–5 : Chitral, 1895 : Tirah expedition, 1897–8 : A.D.C. to Sir W. Lockhart : present at Dargai : D.S.O. : South Africa, 1899–1900 : taken prisoner and escaped from Pretoria : author of How we Escaped from Pretoria.

HALHED, NATHANIEL BRASSEY (1751–1830)

I.C.S. : born May 25, 1751 ' son of .William Halhed, Director of the Bank of England : educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford : went to Bengal in the E.I. Co.'s service : published A Code of Gentoo Laws on Ordinations of the Pandits, from a Persian Translation, 1776 : and in 1778 a Bengali grammar, printed at Hughli, at the first printing-press in India : in its preface, he drew attention to the similarity between Sanskrit and European languages : returned to England, 1785 : M.P. for Lymington, 1790–5 : took the part of the lunatic prophet Richard Brothers, an act which was fatal to his career : in 1809 he was appointed to a post in the East India House : he imitated Martial's epigrams and translated Aristaenetus : he wrote A Narrative of the Events in Bombay and Bengal relative to the Mahratta Empire, 1779 : his Oriental MSS. were purchased by the British Museum : died Feb. 18, 1830.

HALIFAX, CHARLES WOOD, VISCOUNT (1800–1885)

Born Dec. 20, 1800 : son of Sir Francis Lindley Wood, second Baronet : educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford : double first, 1821 : was M.P. for Grimsby and Wareham, and for Halifax, 1832–65 joint Secretary to the Treasury, 1832 Secretary to the Admiralty, 1835–9 Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1846–52 P.C. : and succeeded to the Baronetcy in 1846 : was President of the Board of Control, Dec. 1852, to Feb. 1855, and passed the India Charter Act of 1853 : First Lord of the Admiralty, 1855–8 : G.C.B., 1856 : Secretary of State for India, 1859–66 : during this time he passed several important measures for the reorganization of the Indian Army, the constitution of the Indian Legislative Councils, and the establishment of the High Courts, and by the end of this period the equilibrium of Indian finance had been practically restored : M.P. for Ripon, 1865 : created Viscount Halifax, 1866 : Lord Privy Seal, 1870–4 : made his reputation by his excellent discharge of his duties, his business qualities and judicious administration : died Aug. 8, 1885.

HALL, FITZ-EDWARD (1825–1901)

Born at Troy in New York State : graduated at Harvard University, 1846 :