Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/93

 834 EPHESTJS. machnfl called his new city Arsinoe after his wife, bat the name did not la«t long. The story of the destruction of the old city, which was on very low ground, is told by Ste^^uuras (*. v. "E^m-oj) some- what di£forently from Strabo. He attributes the destnictioQ to a yident storm of rain, which swelled the river. The town was situated too low; and as the Caystrus is subject to sudden risings, it was damaged or destroyed, as modem towns sometimes have been which were planted too near a river. Thousands were drowned, and valuable property was lost. Stephanus quotes a small poem of Duris of Elaea made on the occasion, which attributes that calamity to the rain and the sudden rising of the river. Nothing is known of Duris, and we must suppose that he lived about the time of the destruc- tion of Ephesus, or about b. c. 322. (Gomp. Eustath. ad Diorufs, v. 827, who quotes the first two lines of the epigramma of Duris.) Pansanias (i. 9. § 7) states that Lysimachus removed to his new Ephesus the people of Colophon and Lebedus, from which time the ruin of these two towns may be dated. [C0TX)PH01I.] The history of Ephesus, tlioogh it was one of the chief of the Ionian towns, is scanty. As it was founded by Androdns the son of Codrus,'the kingly residence (fioffiKttov, whatever the word means) of the lonians was fixed there, as they say (Strab. p. 633), "and even to now tiiose of the family are named kings {fituriKus) and have certain honours, the first seat in the games, and purple as a sign of royalty, a staff instead of a sceptre, and the posses- sion or direcUon of the rites of Eleusinian Dem»- ter" (comp. Herod, i. 147). Ephesus was it seems from an early period a kind of sacred city, for Thucydides (iii. 104), when he is speaking of the ancient religious festival at Deles to which the lonians and the surrounding islanders used to go with their irives and children, adds, " «s now the lones to the Ephesia." Strabo (p. 633) has abo pre- served the tradition of Ephesus baring been cidled Smyrna, and he has a very confused stoiy about the Smyrna^ leaving the Ephesii to found Smyrna Proper. [Smtrka.] He quotes CaUinns as evi- dence of the people >of Ephesus having been once named Smymaei, and/Hipponaz to prove that a spot in Ephesus was named Smyrna. This spot lay between Trecheia and the Acte of Lepra; and this Lepra was the hill Prion which was above the Ephesus of Strabo's time, and contained part of the wall. He ooncludes that the Smyrna of old Ephe- sus was near the gymnasium of the later town of Ephesus, between Trecheia and Lepra. The old Athenaeum was without the hmits of the later city. The Cimmerians in an invasion of western Asia took Sardis except the acropolis (Herod, i. 15), in the reign of the Lydian king Ardys; and it seems that they got into the valley of the Caystrus and threatened Ephesus. (Callinus, Bergk, PoetM Lyrusi Graecif p. 303.) Callinus also speaks of a war between the Magnetos or people of Magnesia and Ephesus his native city (Strab. p. 647), which war of oourse was before that inroad of the Cimmerii by which Magnesia was destroyed: for there was a tradition of more than one Cimmerian invasion. Ephesus fell successively under the dominion of the Lydian and Persian longs. InB.c. 499, when the Athe- nians and Eretrians with the lonians went against Sardis, they sailed to Ephesus and left their ships at Coressus. Some Ephesii were their guides up the valley of the Caystrus and over the range of Tmolus. EPHKSra. After the lonians had fired Saxdis they lelxeatBd, but the Persians overtook them at Epheras and de- feated the confederates there. (Herod v. lOS.) Thu is all that Herodotus says about Ephems cb this oocasioa After the naval battle before IGktas, in which the Ionian oonfederates were defeated, some of the Chii, who had escaped to Mycida, made thdr way by night into the Ephesia, whm ihm women were celebrating the Thesmophoria, and the Ephesii, who knew nothing of what had happened to the Chii, fell vfoa them supposing they wen rdbben, and killed them or made a beginning at kaak. (Herod, vi. 16). The Ephesii had no ^ps in the fight before Miletus; and we must oondbde thaft they took no part in the revolt When Xnxca burnt the temple at Branchidae ''and the other temples" (Strab. p. 634), the temple of Ephesoe was spared. Near the ckae of the PeloponneBiaa War, Thrasyllns, an Athenian commander, who was on a marauding eapedition, landed at Ephesna, od which the Persian Tissaphemes summoDed all the country to Ephesua ito the aid of Artemis. The Athenians were defeated and made off. (Xen. fftiL i. 2. § 6.) Lysander, the Spartan commander, entered the port of Ephesus (B.C 407) with a fleet, has object being to have an interview with Cyntt at Sm^. While he was repairing and fitting np hk ships at Ephesus, Antiochus, the Athenian, who waa stationed at Notium as commander under Akabiades, gave Lysander the opportunity of fighting a aea- fight, in whidi the Athenians were defeated. (Sen. ffeU, I 5. § 1, &c) After the battle of Aegoa Potami the Ephesians dedicated in the temple of Artemis a statue of Lysander, and of other Spartans who were unknown to £une; but after the decline of the Spartan power and the victory of Cooon at Cnidus, they set up statues t^Cooan and Timotheos in their temple, as the Samii also did in their He- raeum. (Pans, vi 3. § 15.) There is no notice of Ephesus taking any active part in war against the barbarians from the time of Croeans, who attacked this town first of all the Ionian towns, and probably with the view of getting a place on the sea. For Ephesus was the most convenient port for Sardis, being three days' journey distant (Xen. HM, iii. 2. § 11), or 540 stadia (Herod, v. 54). It was the usual landing-plaoe for those who went to Sardis, as we see in many instances. (Xen. ^no^. ii. 2. § 6.) The Ionian settlers at Ephesus, according to tra- dition, found the worship of Artemis there, or of some deity to whom they gave the name of Artemis. (Callim. in Dion, 238.) A temple of Artemis existed in the time of Croesus, who dedicated in the temple '* the golden cows and the greater part of the pillars," as Herodotus has it (L 92). Herodotos mentions the temple at Ephesus with that of Hera at Samoa as among the great works of the Gneks (ii. 146), but the Heraeum was the larger. The ori- ginal an^tect is named Chersiphron by Strabo, and another architect enlarged it^ The ardiitect of the first temple that the lonians built was a contempo- rary of Theodoras and Rhoecus, who built the He- raemn at Samoa. When Xenophon settled at SdUes, he built a temple to Artemis like the great coe at Ephesus; and he placed in it a statue of cypress like that of Ephesus, except that the Ephesian Ar- temis was of gold. There was a stream Selinus near the temple at Ephesus, and there was a stream so called at Scillns, or Xenophon gave it the name. XenophoD was at Ephesus befora he joined