Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/86

 ENGUIUM. iprbig inving oot of the Umestone rock at the of an ahnost perpendicnlar cliff 800 or 1000 feet high, down the ftoe of which was the only approach to the town, by a ligzag path cat in the rock. The city was situated on a raoall plain between the fonn- tain and the sea, and some faint traces of buildings may still be disoovered. Owing to the enormons de* pression of the Dead Sea, the cKmate of this spot, ahat in on all sides but the east by rocky mountains, has a temperature much higher than that of any other part of Palestine, and its fruits oonsequeiitly ripen three weeks or a month before those of the hill country. It is now inhabited only by a few Arabs, whose deformed and stunted growth bears witness to the relaxing infiuence of this almost tropical climate. (Behud, P^UaeHmOy p. 763 ; Robinson, BUf, Ret, Toi il p. 209, &c) [G.W.] ENGUIUM or ENGTUMClBrxvor, I>iod.,Stqih. B., E7Y«for,Plut : Eth, 'Erxviwy, Engumus : Gtmffi Fetere), a dty in the interior of Sicily, celebrated for its temple of the Magna Mater. Diodorns tells OS that it was originally founded by a colony of Cfstana, ihn snrriyorB of the expedition of Minos, who were after the Trojan War reinforced by a irssh body of colonists from the same country under Meriones. (Died. iv. 79.) The same tradition is related by Plutarch, who mentions that relics of Meriones and Ulysses were still shown there in con- firmation of it. (Pint Marc 80.) But it is certain that it was not in historical times a Greek colony: nor is any mention of it found in history till the time of Timoleon, when the two cities of Engyum and ApoUonia were subject to a tyrant named Leptines, who was expelled by Timoleon, and the cities restored to their liberty. (Diod. xvi. 72.) During the Second Punic War Engyum was one of the places that had zealously espoused the cause of the Carthaginians, and was in oonsequence threatened with severe punishment by Bfarcellus, but was spared by him at the intercession of Niciaa, one of its principal citizens. (Pint Mare. 20.) No further mention of it occurs in history; it appears in the time of Cicero as a municipal town, and is found also in the lists given by Pliny and Ptolemy of the cities of Sicily: but from this time all tnwe of it disappears. (Cio. Verr, iu.43;Plin.iiL8.s.U;PtoliiL4.§14.) Plutarch teUs us it was not a large city, but very ancient and celebrated on account of its temple, which Cicero also calls *' augustassimum et religiosissimum fanum." Its reputation is sufficiently proved by the cupcum- atance that Scipio Afiicanus had presented many ofierings to it, including bronze armour and vases of beautiful workmanship, all of which were carried off by the rapacious Verres. (Cic Verr, iv. 44, v. 72.) Cicero calls the deity to whom the temple was dedi- cated ** Mater Magna,** and distinctly identifies her with the Mater Idaea: Plutarch and Diodorns, on the contrary, mention the goddesses in the plural, of ecol Morels, like the Deae Bfatres of the Bomans. It is probable that their worship was of Pebugian origin, and the traditions that derived the founda- tion of the city from Crete evidently point to the same connection. We have no due to the precise situation of Engyum : but Cicero mentions it in oonjunctian with Aluntium, Apollonia, Capitium, and other cities of the NE. of JSicily; and the subjection of Apollonia and Engyum to the government of Leptines would seem to indicate that the two places were not very far dtstaut from each other. Hence the suggestion of Clnverius,who pjaoca Engyum at Goi^ VeUre, about S miles S. of ENNA. •27 the modehi town of Gangi^ and near the sources of the Fiume Grandej though a mere conjecture, is plausible enough, and has accordingly been followed by most subsequent writers. The elevated situation of this place would correspond with the strong position assigned it by Diodorns (iv. 79); and Siliua italicus (xiv. 249) also tells us it had a rocky terri- tory. The ruins mentioned by Fasello as existing at Gangi Fefere, are however not ancient, but those of the dd town of the name, now deserted. (Faaell. de Reb, Sic x. 2; Amic. ad he p. 419; Cluven SiciL p. 867.) Ptolemy indeed seems to place En- gyum in the more southern part of Sicily: but little dependence can be placed on his data for the towns of the interior. [E. H. B.] ENl'PEUS, a river of the Macedonian Pieria,whkh is described by Livy (xliv. 8) as descending from a valley of Olympus, and aa enclosed between high and predjatous banks, containing little water in summer, but full <^ quicksands and whirlpools in wintry weather. In B.C. 169, Perseus placed his army at a distance of 5 M. P. fitnn Dium, bdiind the Enipeus, and occuined the line of the river» The description of the historian, and its distance from Dium, correspond to the river of LUokhdrOf which has its origin in the highest parts of the woody steeps of Olympus, and flows in a wide bed between predpitous banks, which gradually diminish in height to the sea. (Leake, Northern Greece^ vol. iii» pp.406, 420.) [E.B.J.] ENl'PEUS (*£rfircv», sometimes 'Ekutc^, Strmb. viii. p. 356; Eustath. ad Od, xi. 328: Ferealiti^ one of the prindpal rivers of Thessaly, rises in Mount Othrys, and after flowing through the plain of Pbarsalns, flows into the Peneus. Its chief tri- butary was the Apidanus, which rises at the foot of the mountains of Phthia, probably at the springs of Vrynd, The Apidanus is sometimes represented aa the prindpal of the two rivos, and its name given to the united stream flowing into the Penens. He- rodotus relates that the Apdanus was the only river in Achaea, of which the waters were not dnmk up by the army of Xerxes. (Strab. ix. p. 432, comp^ viiL p. 356;£uripwirec.45l; Herod, vii. 196; Apolk Bhod. i. 35.) The Enipeus is a rapid river, and is therefore called by Ovid "urequietns Enipeus** (Met L 579), an epithet which, as Leake remarks, ia more correct than Lucan*s description (vi 874):— . ..." it gurgite rapto Apidanus; nxmquamque cder^ niri mtxtiUj Enipeut* The Cuarius flowed into the Empeus after its junc- tion with the Apidanus. (Leake, Northern Greece, voL iy. pp. 320, 330.) Bespecting the river god Enipeus, see Diet, o/Biogr, and Myth, t, v, 2. A river of Elis in the Pisatis, called Bami- chins in the time of Strabo, flowed into the Alpheius at no great distance firom its mouth. Near the sources of this riv«r stood Salmone. (Strab. viii. p. 356.) [Saucokb.] ENISPE (*Eplairfi)t an Arcadian town mentioned by Homer, in the Catalogue of Ships, along with JEOiipe and Stratia. It was impoasible even in anti- quity to determine the position of these towns, and Pausanias treats as absurd the o}union of those who considered them to be islands in the river Ladon. (Hom./2. u. 606; StraU viu. p. 388; Pans.viU. 25. §12.) ENNA or HENNA (''Ems Steph. B., Pd., Diod., &C., but in Livy, Cicero, and most Latin authors HjSMnA: EtK *Lnwos, Ennensia or Hen-