Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/84

 Haminath of the tribe of Naphthali (Jath, six. 35) ■8 represented in these hot apringa. {B, Res, vol. iiL p.2«0.) [TiBBRIAS.] [G.W.] EUC/DI MONTES (rA 'H/uM Spn, Stnb. zi. PL 511, XT. ppl 698, 715; Ptol. vi. 15; rh *H/aaMuf Bpof, Diod. iL 35; Dionys. 748, 1146; t& *H;i»8a, PtoL TL 16; 6 'HfiaMs, Stnb. zv. p. 689; Arrian, fnd, 3; Eostath. ad Dion^s. 748; Emodns, Plin. v. S7; Hemodee, Mela, i. 15. § 2, iii. 7. § 6; Emodon, Amm. liarc. zziii. 6. § 64). Although the ezpe^ dition of Alexander the Great opened oat to the Grecian mind only that part of the chain of the Hmah/jfok which is nearest the oonntrj of the five rivers cf W. India, yet it is to this epoch that we must date a new en for Asiatic geography. The enterprise of' the Macedonian conqueror, the cam- Sdgn of Seleucns Nicator, the long residence of egasthenes at the court of Sandrsoottus, and the researches made by Patrocles, the general of Se- leucns, and the most veracious (flmora r^wMKoyos) of all writers oonceming India (Strab. iL p. 70), seem to have thrown great light upon the more £. portions of the peninsula. From this time there appear in the Greek, and subsequently in the fioman writers, views more or less genemlly accurate on the existence, direction, and continuity of a vast range of mountains extending over the entire continent from W. to E. Dicaearchus, the pupil of Aristotle, has the merit of having been the fint to point this out, and it is clearly indicated in the geography of Eratosthenes. In both authors, more than 300 years before Pliny, the name of Imans is met with under the form of Imaon. India is bordered to the N., from Ariana to the Eastern Sea, by the extremities of Taurus, to which the aboriginal inhabitants give the difierent names of Paropamisus, Emodon, Imaon, and others, while the Macedcmians call Uiem Caucasus. (Eiatosth. ap. Strab. xv. p. 689; oomp. ii. p. 68, zi. p. 490.) The idea of attaching to the Taurus of Asia Minor the W. extremity of the Himaiajfok range or JFmebw-tef A, the plateau which is prolonged towards the volcano of Dtmavend, and extends aiaag the S. shore of the Caspian, is not strictly correct. But Stxabo (xi. p^ 511), in a passage where he de- scribes the diain of the Taurus on- the other side of the Caspian, illustrates the continuity of the cham with great detail. In proceeding from the Hyrcanian sea to the E., the mountains that the Greeks call Taurus are always on the right hand, as fiur as the Indian sea. These mountains begin in PamphyHa and Cilicia, and, receiving difierent names, are un- interruptedly prolonged to the E. All these moun- tains beyond the Arii have received from the Mace- donians the name of Caucasus; but among the ^Mu-barians the mountains to the N. are called Ptoo- pamisus, the Emodes and Imaon taking difierent names in difierent parts. (Comp. Grodcuid, ap. ie.) It is remarkable that these indigenous de- nominations of the great Himalayan cham were so little altered by the Greeks, that in our time, more than 2000 yean after Eratosthenes, we are enabled to interpret them from the Sanscrit. The name of Bimcda^ «pplied to a chain of mountains limiting India to the N., has been recognised by Haughton in the laws of Manu. It is the " abode" (Jihfa) of the Rdmiyma and the Mahdbhdrata, speak of JSrisMiPdiiandiTtsiaoal--'* snowy,**** wintry.** Imaus is derived from HimawU (Bohlen, Doi AlU-Indimj Vol. i. p. 11), an etymology of which PUny was Aware, who, alter speaking of the Montes Emodi, EMPORIAE. 82a adds, " quorum promontorium Imaus vocatuf, inco<* hmm lingu& nivosum significante" (vi. 17). The Montes Emodi are the "golden mountains" (Ast «ddrO— A/mo, '♦ gold ; " aOri, " mountain "—either because of ^e supposidon that there were rick mines of gold, as in the other extremity of Central Asia, in the Altai and Kinchait^ or in allusion to those fires of the setting sun reflected by the snows of the Himakyah which gUd its highest summits^ as described in The Cloud Messenger of Kdlidd$a. As it appears, therefore, that, according to the great geographical views conceived by Eratosthenes, and elaborated in detail from better and more nnme« rous materials by Marinus of Tyre and Ptolemy, th^ ancients believed that the interior of Asia was tra* versed by one single great chain of mountains prop longed from the E. to the W. in the parallel of Rhodes, it only remains to mark off that portioB jsi the great central cordillera to which they appUe4 the name of Eroodus or Emodi Montes. They may generally be described as forming that portion of the great lateral branch of the Indian Caucasus, the colossal Hunalayat^ range (jA^yurrw $pos, Agathen^ iL 9), extending along Nepaul^ and probably as fiir as BhoiatK The prolongation was occasionally in- definitely made. Thus Dionysius Periegetes (ii. 62 > describes the foot of the Emodes as bathed by the foaming waves of the Eastern Ocean. Ptolemy (vL 16) gives the name of Ottoroconas (^'Orropoic6fjiasy to the E. extremity of the chain. The Greeks pro- bably specially applied a general denomination in the systematic geography of India. The Ottorocorxaa of Ptolemy is the UUara-Kuru of the Ved&t and MahdbhdratOf the upper or hyperborean regions of Asia. (Comp. Colebrooke, AnaL Rtttarck. vol. viii. p. 398.) The text of Ammianus (xxiii. 6. § 64) has Opuro-Carra, which is the same Mount Kury^ The same historian describes in a very picturesque manner one of those Alpine forms (** Contra Orien*- talem plagam in orbis spedem consertae celsorem aggerum summitates ambiunt Seras; a Septentriono nivosae solitudmi cohaerent," L c.) which are so olten repeated in the windings of the mountains of E, Asia. The S. spurs of this chain were called Bi0- FTRRHC8 (rb ^wv/^» 6pos, Ptol. vii. 2), with the sources of the Doavas (IrauHubfy); Damassi or DAMAsn MoirriES (rA Adfiarva 5pn, Ptol. I c), with the sources of the Dorias; and Semamthimi MoMTBs (r^ tTuiavBof^p tpos, Ptol. L c), from which the rivers Sebas and Abpithra take theip rise. (Humboldt, Asie Cenirale, vol. i. pp. 140 — 145 ; Gosselin, G^ograpkU des AncietUf vol iii. pp. 173, 188, 297, 298; Bitter, ErdhmdB, vol. ii. p. 185, vol. V. p. 449.) [E. B. J.] EMPERE'SIUM (^Efiirtpiatw), a promontory mentioned by Dicaearchus between Aulis andEuripua. Leake suppoees Emperesium to have been the name of the peninsub of Euboea immediately south of Chalds and the StraiU. (Dicaearch. Stat Graee. 90; Leake, Northern Grteoe, voL ii. p. 264, seq.) EMPCXRIA (tA '£^wop«ia),was at first the name of a number of seaport towns, Phoenician and Car- thaginian settlements, on the shores of the Lesser Syrtis; afterwards of the district in which those towns by. (Polyb. i. 82. § 6, iii. 23. § 2, Exc. Leg, 18; Appian, Pun. 72; Liv. xxix. 25, zzziv. 62: see farther Africa, p. 68, K, and Btza* CIUM.) [P. S.] EMPOltlAE (Liv.) or EMPORIUM (*Efaropiat, Ptol.; '£/i«opff«br, Polyb., Strab.; 'E/iwt^ior, Ptol.: Amptriat), an andent and important cit^ of Ui»>
 * snow" (Atnn). The great epic poems of India,