Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/6

 DALMANUTHA. in tlie Peutinger Table under the name of Di- LUNTUM. [E. B. J.] DALMANUTHA (AaX/twov$£). The name ocean only in St Mark's Gospel (viii. 10), where the parallel pasaa^ in St Matthew (zv. 39) has MerySoA^ which enables us to identify the dutrict of Dalmanutha with the plain of Gennesareth, to the S. of which Magdala was situated. Lightfbot {Chorog. Dec. cap. v. § 2) offen several suggeations as to the origin of the name, but none of them satis- factory. [G. W.] DALMATIA (AoA/ior^ AaKfiaruHi, Dalmatia, Delmatia; Eth. and at^. AaXfidrns, AaX/wrt^s^ Dalmata^Dahnatensifl, Dalmaticns). The Dalmatians formed a portion of that great aggregate of tribes which inhabited the broken and indented coast £. of the Adriatic from the Gelti Taurisci as far S. as the Epirots and Macedonians. These tribes, which com- prehended, besides the Dalmatians, the Veneti, Pan- nonlans, Dardani, Autariatae and others, belonged to the lllyrian group; and the territory which with va- rying limits was occupied by them bore the common iiameQfIllyricum[IiXYBicuM]. Strabo(Tii.p.dl5) asserted that it was a peculiarity of the Dalmatians, to divide their lands afiresh (x^>s dmSotr^s) every eighth year; and Uiat they were not in the habit of using coined money among themselves. The inland parts of this district are diversified by tmdulating grounds, hills, and high mountains ; many of the latter have the same rc^^ged appearance as those of the coast The geological character of the whole of this countzy is refeired to the secondary formation. Sterility Is the general character of the hilly parts of Dalmatia, and it is singular that the N. sides are usually less barren than the S. slopes. The soil, though not rich, is good; Strabo (p. 315) indeed de- scribes it as * sterile, unsuited to agriculture, and barely afibrding a subsistence to tiie inhabitants." He adds (p. 3 17), and this may aocount for its impover- ished condition, ** The country which, with the ex- ception of a few rugged spots, abounds every where with the ohve and vine, has always been neglected, and its worth has been unknown in consequence ci the wildness and predatory habits of the inhabitants." The coast was well furnished with harbours as well on the mainland as in the neighbouring islands, while the opposite coast of Italy is without ports. In antiquity Dalmatia produced a great quantity of gold (** aurifera terra," Mart x. 78 ; Stat Silv. i. 2. 53), and if PUny (xzxiii. 4) may be believed, as much as 50 pounds of gold were procured daily from the mines in the time of Nero. There is some difficulty in these statements, because, as fiiur as pre- sent information goes, Dalmatia can boast of neither gold nor silver. Gold has, however, been found at Serajero in Bosnia; and as there can be little doubt but that the Dahnatia of the Romans included much of Bomiaj the statements of the ancients must be referred to this district (Neigebauer, ZHe Sttd- slaven^ p- 211 ; comp. Fortis, Viaggio in Dalmazia^ p. 113; Wilkinson, Daimaiiaj vol. i. p. 219.) In the reign of Gentins, last king of Illyria, a separation took place among his subjects. They obeyed Pleuratus as long as he lived, but after hu death, on the accession of Gentius, the Dalmatae re- volted, B. c. 180, having assumed that name jfrom the city of Delminium (or Dalminium) which they chose as the capital of their new state. (Polyb. zxzii. 18.) The territory of the Dalmatae was at first oompre- liended between the Naro (Narenia) and the TUurns DALMATIA. 747 arNeBta8(Cettma),andcontamedatoiie period twenty cities; it then extended to the Titius {La Kerka), and Uie whole country received the name of Dal- matia, under a republican form of government, which lasted till the inhabitants either dehvered themselves up to Borne, or were conquered by her armies. In consequence of a quarrel between them and the Lissans and Daorsi, who were allies of Rome, a con- sular army was sent against them. The consul, C. Marcius Figulus, entered Dalmatia, b. o. 156, and its strongly fortified capital Delminium having been taken, tSe Dahnatians wexe obliged to sue for peace; and their liberty was only allowed them on coinlition of their paying tribute to Borne. (Polyb. zxxii. 24 ; ApfMan. Illyr. 11; Liv. EpiL xlviu; flor. iv. 12.) In the following year they were subdued by P. C!or« nelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (Liv. h c). Delmi- nium, thdr capital, it would appear, sufiered to such an extent (Strab. p. 315) that the seat of government was transferred to Salona. In b. o. 119, L. Caeci- lius Metellus, who was consul, declared war against the DalmatianSj'though they had been guilty of no Qflfence. They offered no oppoeiticn to him, and after wintering at Salona he returned to Bome, a^ gained the undeserved honour of a triumph and the surname Dalmaticns. (Liv. EpU, Ixii.; Aiq[>ian. Ilfjfr. 11.) Appian (lUgr. 13) has told the story of the 4th Dalmatian war. The Libumians, who were attacked by their restless neighbours, appealed to Bome for aid. Troops were sent to enforce the demand which had previously been made, that the Dalmatians should evacuate Promona. In «. a 48, Gabinius lost more than 2000 men in an engagement with the natives, and then fell back upon Salona. It was reserved for Vatinins to wipe off the disgrace which the Boman arms had sustained. He was saluted as ** imperator " by his soldi^ns, and received the honours of a " sup- plicatio " finom the senate in b. c. 45. The death of J. Caesar emboldened the Dalmatians. Fortune fa- voured them. Vatinius took refuge in Epidamnus, and the war against M. Antonlus and Octavianus prevented Brutus, to whom the province had been decreed, from punishing their defection. In b. c. 34, Octavianus led a formidable army into Dalmatia, where Agrippa had the command, and penetrated as far as Setonia, where he was wounded in the knee. The country submitted to him, hostages were taken, the standards captured from Gabinius restored, and a promise was given that the owing tribute should be paid. (Dion Cass. xllx. 38; Liv. Epit. cxxxii.; Appian. lOyr. 24—27; Veil. iL 90; Flor. iv. 12; Saet, Oct, 20,) Dalmatia became an imperial province, and its limits were pushed as for N. as the Save. In B. c. 16, and agun in 1 1, the Dalmatians showed an inclination to throw off the yoke, and some years af- terwards joined the revolted Pannonians, when Bome antidpatedsuch danger, that Suetonius ^Tib.lB) con- sidered that no more fcnnidable enemy had appeared since the Punic War. Tiberius, who was apptnnted to the command of the Boman army, displayeid ooa- siderable military talent in the Dalmatian campaign against Bato, the champion of his country's liberties, a man of great bravery and capacity. In a. d. 9, he had reduced the country entirely to subjection, and in A. D. 12 received the honour of a triumph for this and his German victory. (Dion Cass. Iv. 29 — 32, Ivi. 11—17; VeU. ii. 110—115 ; Zonar. x. 37.) Henceforward Dalmatia and Illyricum, though geo- grai^cally they were distinguished (Tac Afsn, iL 53), became poUtically oonrertible terms.