Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/333

 1074 HISPALIS. town of the same name, 136 M. P. from Heradeum, and 67 M. P. from Sindica (Plin. vi. 5). It is, probably, the same place as the Hieros Poktus of the Periplus, which Rennell {Compar. Geog, vol. ii. p. 325) identifies with the deep inlet or small gulf of Sunjuk'kala in the Russian chart. [£. B. J.] HrSPALIS ClinraXif : also Hispal, Mela, ii. 6, Sil. Ital. iii. 392 : Eth. Hispaliensis, Adj. Hispalensis: Sevilla), one of the chief cities of Hispania Baetica, stood on the left bank of the Baetis (^Gnadalqtdver^ about 500 stadia from its mouth ; but still within the tidal part of the river, which was navigable for large ves»eLi up to the city : so that it had, to a great e.itent, the advantages of a sea-port. It was made a colony by Julius Caesar; and although an attempt seems to have been made to exalt the neighbouring colony of Baetis above it, the very site of which is now doubtful, it ranked, in Stnibo*s time, among the first cities of Tordetania, next after Gorduba and Gades; and afterwards even advanced in dignity: so that, in the time of Ptolemy, it had the title oif firi- rpairoXiSy and under the Vandals and Goths it ranked above Gorduba, and became the capital of Southern Spain. In the Boman empire it was the a«>at of a convetUut juridicuSf and bore the titles of Julia Romula and Colonia Romulbnsis. (Strab. iii. pp. 141, 142; mn. Bell Alex. 51, 56; Dion. Gass. xliii. 39; Plin. iii. 3; Itin, Ant, pp. 410, 413, 416; Ge>g. Rav. iv. 45; Philostr. Vit Apdl v. 3, 6; Auson. Clar. Urb. 8 ; Isidor. Etym. xv. 1 ; Inscr. op. Gruter, pp. 201, 257, Orelli, vol. ii. p. 396; Florcz, Esp. S. vol. ix. pp. 89, 90; Coins ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 543 ; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 24, Suppl. vol i. p. 42; Eckliel, vol. i. p. 28.) [P. S.] HISPA'NIA (•I^«'^«. 2iroyla),. and IBETtlA (*I^/>(a), and, with reference to its division into two parts, very frequently HISPANIAE (so also 'I^ifpfai, Steph. B.), the ancient names of the great peninsula now divided into the countries cii Spain and PoriugaL In this article, for convenience, the whole peninsula -will be often called simply SpAnr. ;|t-^ I. AXCIENT NaMBS. As in the case of other countries, which only became known to the Greeks and Romans by por- tions, there was at firbt no general name for the whole peninsula. Poljbius states that the part of the land on the Mediterranean, as far as the Pillars of Hercules, was called Ibkria (*I$i}p(a), while the portion onwards from that point along the ocean had no general name, as it had not long been known, and was entirely occupied by numerous barbarian peoples. (Polyh iii. 37). 1. The name in general use among the Greeks, during the historical period, was Ibkria, which was understood to be derived from the river Ibbrus (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Justin, xliv. 1 ; Steph. B. t. v.; Avion. Or. Mar. 248): whence it was applied to the surrounding country, first vaguely, as will presently appear, and afterwards more exactly, as they gra- dually became acquainted with those physical fea- tures which so strikingly define its limits. (Hecat. Fr. 11—13; Herod, i. 163, vii. 165; Scyl. pp. 1, 2; Strab. iii. p. 166; Eustath. ad Dion. Per. 281 ; Hor. Carm. iv. 528. (comp. below on the boundaries.) 2. The other and still more familiar name, His- PASIA i'lcnravia, Strab. iii. p. 166; Agathem. i. 2), came into use after the Romans began to have a direct connection with the country; and has remained the prev.iiljng appellutix'e ever since. There is little duubt that the genuine fonu of the name is Si'^v^ or ^'O, ^ HISPANIA. Sapak, the vowel sound bein^ prefixed far pronunciation, as is cammon in soatbeni m& wdl « eastern languages when an initial J is followed by another consonant (of this usage ezampieB may be seen in the Arabic and Turkish namea of Greek cities): and the name is used without the prefix {liwfKiria : Aitemidor. ap. Steph. B. «. r. *I0iyp<ai ; FliL dt Flam. p. 32, Huds., vol. z. pu 774, Beiske; PasL Epi$L ad Rotn. xv. 28, &c.) The oiifjan of the name is not known with any certain^, Bcr wbeAv it was used by the inhabitants themselTcs. Bodast derives it from the Phoenician and Hebrew wwl }S V (taapan), which means a rabbit ; and a rguui a ts are adduced in favour of this etymology Cmm tbs numerous testimonies of the ancioits to the abondasce of these animals in the country (Strab. iii. pp. 144, 168; Aelian, N. A. xiii. 15; Vamo, R R. m. 12.; Catull.-xxxv. 18 ; Plin. viil 58. a. 83, xL 37. a. 76), as well as from a medal of Hadrian, on the imne of which is seen a female figure, as tbe peraaoifiea* tion of Spain, with a rabbit at her feeL (Ffeia, Med. de Eip. vol. i. p. 109.) Others explain tbe Phoenician word to mean concealed^ HaaX is., tbe country little known; but this seems to be a naoe fancy. (Maltebrun, PrecU de la Giogr. toL rm. p. 21.) On the other hand, W. von Humboldt ■ his invaluable essay on the primitive lustory 4. Spain, maintains that it was a native name, and dial its gennine form, vowel prefix and all, b puju i ul almost unaltered in the modem native Dame Ewp a m!e ^ which he derives firom the Basqne £ipana, aiordb*, margmy or edge^ denoting that the peninsala was the margin of Europe towards the ocean. (HnmboU;, Prvfwkg der Untertuch. ti6er die Urbewohmer Bit- pametu, Berlin, 1821; comp. on the e^BMbgyrf both names. Pint de Fbunu /. c; Solin. 23; AmmiiB Marc, xxiii. 6 ; Const Porph. de Admiti. Impi ii 2S; Eustath. ad Dion, Per. 282; Bochart, Cka». L 35. Phaieg,m. 7;0berlin, ad Vib. Seq. p. 397 ; GntW Mart. Cap. p. 201 ; Wesseling, ad Itin. pw 268; Tzschneke, ad MeL iL 6.) 3. Hesfbria was an old Gntk name, dacfif used by the poets, in oonnectiain with tlie noUco thst the world consbted of four parts, of which Libta was the southern, Asia the eastern, Eumxpa the northern, and Hesperia the vrestem: and, accnd- ing to thb idea, Spain was the westernmost part ef Hesperia. (Niebuhr, Ledmree oh Anient Etknp graphg and Geography vol. iL pu 279.) Hence tbt country b sometimes called simply Hesperia (Maooh. i. 3; Serv. ad Virg. Aen. L 530; laid. Orig. xir. 4), and sometimes, in contnulistinction to Italy, Hespeia Ulthna (Herat Carm. L 36. 4; comp. Diefienbacfa, Celtiea iii. 32). 4. Ckltica (ri Kthrncfi) was also a |;eDeral name for the West of Europe, and was nsed specifi- cally for the interior ef Spain, which was originsBj peopled, or believed to have been peopled, by Ceks. (Aristot. de Mundo, vol i. p. 850, Du VaL; Scyna. 173.) Ephorus {ap. Strab. iv. p 199; Marc ad he. p. 142) extended Celtiea to Gades, and applied the nvne of Iberia only to the W. part of the peninsola. So too Eratosthenes (op. Strab. ii. p. 107) extended the Galatae (i. e. Celts) to Gadeira. This nsage is, however, uncommon, the name being generally eoo- fined to those parts of the peninsula in which fig- ments of the old Celtic population hdd their gnmid. [Celtae: Celtica.] 5. Tartessis was a name applied to the & por- tion of the peninsula, and especially to the part be- yond the Straits, in coutradietinctioa to tin ''. . -../