Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/285

 1026 HALIAKTUS. rising in the chain of mountains to which Ptolemy (/. c.) ^ave the mune of CanaloviL According to Caesar {I. c. it formed the line <^ demarcation be- tween Macedonia and Thessaly. In Uie upper part of its coarse it takes a S£. di- rection through ElymiotiSf which it watered; and then, continuing to the NE., formed the boundary 1)etween Pieria, Eordaea, and Emathia, till it dis- charged itself into the Thermaic gulf. In the time of Herodotus the Haliacmcni was jwned by the Lydisu, or discharge of tlie lake of Pella; but a change has now taken place in the course of the latter, which joins not the Haliacmon, but the Azius. The Ha- liacmon itself appears to have moved its lower course to the E. of late, so that, in time, perhaps all the three rivers may unite before they join the sea. The VistritzOf although betraying a Slavonic mo- diiicalion in its termination, may possibly be a cor- ruption of AsTRAEUS (Aelian, H, A. xv. 1), which was perhaps the ordinary appellation of the river below the gorges of Beraea, as.Haliacmon was that above them; in the same manner as Injehara and Viitritza are used in the present day. Its banks are now confined by artificial dykes to restrain its destructive inundati<Mis, and the river itself is noted at Ferria for gtiUaiU of immense size: the same fish grows to enormous dimensions in the ]ake at Kastoria [CeistrumI, which is one of the sources of the VUtritta. (Leake, Northern Greece^ vol. i. pp. 303. 316, voLiiLpp.292, 437.) [£.&. J.] HALIARTUS ('AAlapTOf : Eth. 'hkii^ios), a town of Boeotia, and (me of the dties of the con- federation, was situated on the southern side of the lake Gopftis in a pass between the mountain and the bke. (Strab. is. p. 41 1.) It is mentioned by Homer, who gives it the epithet woc^ctf in ooose- quence of its well-watered meadows. (Hom. JL ii. 503, Hymn, in ApolL 243.) In the invasion of Greece by Xerxes (b. c. 484) it was the only town that remained true to the cause of Greece, and was in consequence destroyed by the Persians. (Pans, ix. 32. § 5.) It was, however, soon rebuilt, and in the Peloponnesian War appears as one of the chief cities of Boeotia. (Thuc. iv. 95.) It is chiefly memorable in history on account of the battle fought under its walls between Lysander and the Thebans, in which the former was slain, b. c. 395. (Xen. ffell. iii. 5. §17, seq.; Diod. xiv. 81; Pint. Z.^«. 28, 29 ; Pans. iii. 5. § 3, ix. 32. § 5.) In b. a 1 7 1 Haliartus was destroyed a second time. Having espoused the cause of Perseus, it was taken by the Roman praetor Lucretius, who sold the inhabitants as slaves, carried off its statues, paintings, and other works of art, and razed it to the ground. Its ter- ritory was afterwards given to the Athenians, and it never recovered its former prosperity. (Polyb. XXX. 18; Liv. xlii. 63; Strab. ix. p. 411.) Strabo speaks of it as no longer in existence in his time, and Pausanias, in his account of the place, men- ti<»is only a heroum of Lysander, and some ruined temples which had heea burnt by the Persians and had been purposely left in that state. (Paus. ix. 33. §§ 1,3, X. 35. §2.) The Haliartla. ('AAioprio), or territory of Haliartus, was a verjr fertile plain, watered by nu- merous streams flowing into the lake Gopais, which in this part was hence called the Haliartian marsh. (Strab. ix. pp.407, 411.) These streams, which bore the names of Ocalea, Lophis, Hoplites, Per- messus, and Olmeius, have been spoken of else- where. [Sec p. 4 12, a.] The territory of Haliartus HALIGARNASSUS. extended westwai-d to Mt. Tilphossiura, ainoe Fa»- sanias says that the Haliartians had a sanctnarf of the goddesses called Praxidicae situated near thi» mountun. (Pans. ix. 33. § 3.) The towns Peleaii, Medeon, Ocalea, and Oncbestoa ware sttoated in the territoiy of Haliartus. The remains of Haliartus are atoated upon a hifl about a mile firam the village of Jfost, on the ned from Thebes to Lebadeia, and at the disfaBoee of abont 15 miles from either place. The bOl cf Haliartus is not more than 50 feet above the lake. Leake says, "tiiat towards the lake the hill of Haliartus terminates in rocky difi, but on the other sides has a gradual aodivity. Some reamm of the walls of the AcropoUs, chiefly of polygooal masonry, are found on the summit of the bill; and, there are several sepulchral crypts in the cli^ below which, to the north, issues a copioos sonrce of water, flowing to the marsh, like all the other streams near the site of Haliartoa. Altboogli ^m walls of the exterior town are scarcely anywhere traceable, its extent is naturally marked to the east a'd west by two smsll rivers, of which that to the west issues from the foot of the hiU of Mati; the eastern, called tjie Kefaldri, has its origin in JimBt Helicon. Near the left bank of this stream, at a distance of 500 yards from the Acropolis, are a ruined mosque and two ruined churches, on the site of a village which, though long since abandosed, is shown by these remains to have been onoe iahahftad by both Greeks and Turks. Here are maaij firsg- ments of architectuxe and of inscribed stones, eoi- leeted formerly firom the ruins of Haliartus. Fnm this spot there is a distance of abont three-^jaarters of a mile to a tumulus westward of the Acrcipafis, where are several sarcophagi and ancient fooada- tions near some sources of waters, maikini^ profaaiily the site of the western entrance <k the dtj." The stream which flowed on the western nJe of the dty is the one called Hoplites by Plotazch, where Lysander fell, and is apparently the same as the Lophis of Pausanias. (Plut Ljft. 29; Pans. ix. 33. § 4.) The stream on the eastern side, called Kefaldrif is formed by the union of two riTukts, which appear to be the Permessns and Ohneins, which are described by Strabo as iknring from Helicon, and after thdr union entering the lake Gopais near Haliartus. (Strab. ix. ppi 407, 411: see BoE<yTLA, p. 413, a.) The tumulus, of whkh Leake speaks, perhaps covers those who were killed along with Lysander, since it was near this spot that the battle was fought (Leake, iVbrlWw Greece^ vol. ii. p. 206, seq.) HALIGARNASSUS Ckacaprafftr6s : EOu 'AXt- KCLpvauratifs, Halicamassensts: Bodrmn or Bcmir rown)^ a Greek city on the coast of Asia Minor, «n the Geramian gulf. It was a colony of Troeiaie in Argolis establieJied on the slope of a predpstoos rode, and one of the ux towns constituting the Done hexapolis in Asia Minor, the five other towns being Gnidos, Gos, and the three Bhodian towns lalysus, Lindus, and Gamirus. (Herod, vu. 99, iiL 14; Strab. xiv. pp. 653, 656; Pans. ii. 30. § 8; Ptol. v. 2. § 10; Pomp. Md. i. 16; Plin. t. 29: Steph. B. «. V.) The isthmus on which it was dtuated was called Zephyrium, whence the dty at first bore the name of Zephyria. Halicamassus was the largest and strongest dty in all Garia (Diod. Sc. xv. 90X and had two or even three very impr^nable orcev; the principal one, called Sahnadt^ was situated on a precipitous rock at the northern extremity of the dty J