Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/264

 GONOESSA. thft nniiMioiis puaa^ in which it is mentioned hy Livj, Afler the battle of CTnoecephalae, in b. c 197| Philip 6fld in ha^te to Tempe, bat halted a day at Qoimi, to reoeire snch of his troops as might bare surriTed the battle. (Liv. zxxiii. 10; Poljb. zyiii. 10.) In the war against Antiochos, in b. c. 191, when the king, having marched from Deme- trias, had advanced as far north as Larissa, a portion of the Soman army under the command of App. Cbradins marched tfaroagh the pass across Mt. Olym- pns, and thus arrived at GonnL On this occasion Livy says that Gonni was 20 miles from Larissa, and describes it as situated *' in ipsis faacibus saltns qosB Tempo appellantar." (Liv. xxxvL 10.) In B. c. 171 it was strongly fortified by Peneus ; and when this monarch retired into Macedonia, the Ro- man consul Lidnias advanced against the town, but found it impregnable. (Liv. xUL 54, 67.) Gt>nni does not occur in history after the wars of the Bo- mans in Greece, but it is mei^oned by Strabo (iz. p. 440; Ptol. iii. 13. § 42> The site of Gonni is fixed by Leake at a place called LykdHomo, or the ** Wolfs Mouth," in the ▼ale of DereUf at the foot of a point of Mt Olympus, about a mile from the Peneius. Here are some re- mains of a Hellenic city, mixed with other ruins of m later date. It would therefore appear that the town of Lycostomiuii {AvKoar6fuov)f which occurs in Byzantine history as early as the eleventh cen- tury (Gantacuz. ii. 28, iv. 19), was built upon the site of Gonni. (Leake, Northern Greece^ vol. iv. p. 388.) GONOESSA, GONUSSA. [Pallek b.J GOPHNA (r^^ra, Joseph. ; Fod^yo, Ptol.), a town of Palaestine, situated in the country of Benjamin. It gave its name to one of the ten toparchies (Fo^ nrur^ rovaf>x^ Joseph. B, J, ill 3. § 5 ; ** to- parchia Gophnitica,*' Plm. v. 14). Josej^ns reckons it second in importance to Jerusalem, and usually joins it with Arcahatta. It was one of four cities taken by Cassius and reduced to slavery {^Ant, xiv. 11. § 2), but restored to freedom by a decree of Marcus Antonius, after the battle of Philippi (12. §§ 2, 8). It was taken by Vespasian in his last campaign in Palaestine (B. J, iv. 9. § 9), and, ms Titus marched on Jerusalem by way of Caesareia and Samaria, he passed through Gophna (v. 2. § 1). Eusebins makes it the ^^SfNi7( Bjrpvof, Vallis Botri, or Eshcol of Holy Scripture, — its name being iden- tical in signification, — (from }DI, a vme), which proves the fertility of the place in his days. He places it 15 miles from Jerusalem, on the road to Neapolis (AToUoiwe), in near agreement with the Peutinger Tables, which state the distance at 16 miles. The site is still marked by an inconsiderable Christian village, retaining its ancient name unchanged, pro- nounced by the natives Jufna, It is situated in a deep basin formed by the concurrence of several ▼alleys, and surrounded on all sides by hills. Con- aiderable traces of the Roman road between this town and Jerusalem, are to be seen to the south of the vil- lage. The soil around is remarkably fertile, and its l^rapes are celebrated throughout the country. (Bo- binson, Bib, Ru. vol. iil pp. 77—79) [G. W.] GO'RDIUM {J6^vw), a town of Bithynia, a little to the north of the river Sangarius, was in later times called JuUopolis. This city must have been of con- siderable antiquity, having been the residence of the ancient Phrygian kings; but in tlie time of Strabo (xii. p. 568) it had sunk to the condition of a mere TilUige it appears, however, tiiat it was robuilt and GOBTTK. 1005 enlai^ in the time of Augustus under the name of Juliopolis, and thenceforth it continued to flourish for several centuries. (Strab. iLc. p. 574; Polyb. xxii. 20; Liv.xxxviii. 18; Plin. v. 42; Ptol. v. 1. § 14.) In the time of Joittinian it had sufTeivd from the in- undations of the river Scopas, and was therefore re- paired by that emperor. (Procop. <fe Atd, v. 4.) Gordium is celebrated in history as the scene <^ Alexander's cutting the fomous Gordian knot. This adventure took place in the acropolis of the town, which had been the palace of king Gurdius. (Arrian, AwJb, i. 29, jL 3; a Curt. iU. 1, 12 ; Justin, xi. GORDIUTI'CHOS (Fo^fot t^ixos), » townlS^ *^ Jj/j Caria, one day's march from Antioch. (Liv. xxxviiL At (rtri 13.) Steph. B. says that it was founded by Gor- i,// '^'V dius, a son of Midas, whence it must once have be- "//kIm J^^ longed to Phiygia. [L. S.] ^ f^;.) GORDYE'KE, GORDYE'NL [Cordykne.] ^V GORGON or URGO {Tofr/^^, Ptol. iii. 1. § 78: Gorffond)f a small isUnd in the Tyrrhenian sea, between the coast of Etruria and Corsica, and distant about 20 miles from the mainland. Its name is written Uigo by Pliny and Melai but Butilius, who describe it in his poetical itinerary, calls it Gorgon, and this form b confirmed by the authority of Ptolemy (I. c), as well as by its modem name of Gorgona, (Plin. iii. 6. s. 12 ; Mel. iL 7. §19; Butil. Itm, i. 515.) It is a small isUnd, only about 8 mUes in circumference, but elevated and rocky, rising abruptly out of the sea, which rendere it a conspicuous object from a distance. Between it and the port of lAvomo is the islet of Mehria, a mere rock, which is supposed to be the Maenaria of Pliny. [E.H.B.] GO'RGYLUS. [Laoonia.] CORNEAS, a fortress in the north of Armenia (Tac. Ann. xil. 45), which D*Anvi]]e identifies with Khorien, [E.B.J.] GOBTYN, GORTYNA (Fopr^. TSprwa: JStK ToprUvtos), a town of Crete which appears in the Homeric poems, under the form of Toprw (IL iL 646, Oi.iii.294); but afterwards became usually r6prwa (oomp. Tzchuck ad Pomp, Melam, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 811), according to Steph. B. (s. v.) it was originally called Larissa (Adpuraa) and Cremnia (K^fiyia). This important city was next to Cnossus in im- poftanoe and splendour; in early times these two great towns had entered into a league which ambled than to reduce the whole of Crete under theur power; in after-times when dissensiims arose among them they were engaged in continual hostilities (Strab. x. p. 478). It was originally of very considerable size^ since Strabo (L c) reckons its circuit at 50 stadia; but when he wrote it was very much diminished. He adds that Ptolemy Philopator had begun to en- close it with fresh walls; but the work was not carried on for more than 8 stadia. In tiie Pelupon- nesian War, Gortyna seems to have had reUtions with Athens. (Thuc. ii. 85). In b. o. 201, Phi- lopoemen, who had been invited over by the inhabit* ants, assumed the command of the forces, of Gor- tyna. (Plut FhUop, 13.) In B. c. 197, five hundred of the Gortynians, under their commander, Cydas, which seems to have been a common name at Gortyna, joined Quinctius Flamininus in Thessaly (Liv. xxxiii. 3.) Gortyna stood on a plain watered by the river I.e- thaeus, and at a distance of 90 stadia from the Li- byan Sea, on which were situated its two harbours, Lebena and Metallum (Strab. L c), and is men- '• * /*