Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/251

 992 GKRMA. Eusebios {ChrotL^j to Jupiter Xeniux. Sliortljr after, in the debate before Ptolemy Philometor (^AnL xiii. 3. § 4), the Samaritan advocates ignore its Pagan dedication, and clum Mosaic authority for its erection; failing to establish which, they were put to death. The temple of Sonballat was destroyed by Hyrcanus, the Jewish high priest, after it had stood 200 years {ArU. xiii. 9. § 1); and we have no notice of its restoration. Indeed, the allusion of the Samaritan woman (John^ iv. 20) would seem to intimate that " this mountain " was no longer the seat of their worship; but a temple was afterwards erected,^rohably over the ruins of the former, — « whether for the Samaritans or the Pagans is not clear, as Aibs ti^iarov ayt^arov Ufhv, in a heathen author, may mean either. (Dainasc. ap. Phot. BibL cod. 242. p. 1055.) But there can be no doubt that this is the temple represented on the reverse of the coins of Fhivia Neapolis from the time of Titus to Volusianus. The temple is sittuited on the sum- mit of a mountain, with numerous steps leading to it. (Eckhel, vol. iiL pp. 433, 434; Williams, Hiiy Cityf vol. L p. 241, n. 4.) It was in the possession of the Samaritans in the fifth century, when, in A. D. 474, it was transferred to the Christians by the emperor Zeno, in reprisals ibr the ruin and dese- cration of five churches, by the Samaritans, in the city of Neapolis. The church dedicated to the Virgin was slightly fortified, and guarded by a small de< tachment of the large garrison of Uie city. In the reign of Anastasius it was recovered for a short time by the Samaritans, who were finally, ejected by the emperor Justinian, when the mountain was more strongly fortified. (Procop. de Aedif. v. 7; Robin- son, Bib, Bet, toL iii. pp. 123 — 125.) From that time to the present the Samaritans have had no edi- fice on the site, but for a very long period have been in the habit of sacrificing on the mountain at their three great fesUvab; a practice which is con- tinued to the present day. ** The spot where they sacrifice the passover, seven lambs among them all, is pointed out just below the highest point, and be- fore coming to the last slight acclivity. It is marked by two parallel rows of rough stone laid upon the ground ; and a small round pit, roughly stoned np, in which the flesh is roasted." A little beyond this, and higher up the mountain, " are the ruins of an immense structure, bearing every appearance of having once been a large and strong fortress." They are called Et-KHTah (the castle) by the Samaritans, and are probably the remains of the fortress erected by Justinian. (Kobinson, Bib, Bet. vol. iii. p. 99.) Itound a brge naked rock, a little to the south of the castle, which is reputed the most sacred place of all, are traces of walls, which may possibly indicate the position of the temple, particularly as the Sa- mariuns profess that this is the place where the ark formerly rested in the tabeniacle. Further south, and indeed all around upon this eminence, are ex- tensive foundations, apparently of dwellings, as if ruins of a former city. There are also many cisterns ; but all now dry. [G. W.] GEBMA (Ttpfiit: Hth, TtptmvSi^ also called •l€p4 Tipfi% a town of Mysia, situated between the rivers Macestus and Rhyndacus. (Ptol. v. 2. § 14; Steph. B. <.i;.; Uierocl.) Ruins of this town are still found in the neighbourhood of Germtuloo. Another town of the name of Genna is mentioned in Mysia, between Pergamus and Thyatini. {Itin, Anton,; comp. Arundell, Seven Ckurchet^ p. 278.) The following coin belongs probably to Uie former GERHANIA. of these two places. The letters on tl» obtwe on the right of the standing figure ought to be MHN. COIN OF OERMA IN MTSIA. The third and most celebrated pbu» of this was situated in Gahtia, on the site of the modor Yermoj between Pessinus and Ancyia. Ptoknij (t. 4. § 7) calls it a Roman colony, which title is co- firmed by the coins found there, and which seems to have been conferred upon it by Vespasian or his mib, for none of these coins are older than Domitiuu From ecclesiastical writers we learn that GeAnsiw an episcopal see of Galatia Salutaris, and a B7ZID- tine writer (Theophan. C&ron, p. 203) infixna « that at a later period Genna took the ntme of MyriangeiL (Comp. Hamiltons Retearchm, l^ 442.) [LS.]"^ GERMA'NIA (^ UpfusAa : Etk. Gennamtt, Vf^ /ia»6s: Adj, Germanicua, rcpjuarurtfs: GennsBy; French, AUenuigne; yto/.AlensagDa: (rerskDeot^fa- hind or Teutschland), one of the great diri^aGOs of continental Europe, acts no wry promineDt pert in the history of antiquity until the period of the lb- man empire; but during the bst pwiod of the W«»t- em empire it attracted the attenti<in of the ciii&fli countries of Southern Europe, by aeoduig forth hisli of barbarians, who, in the end, overthrew the empre, established new dynasties in the conqnend corn- tries, and infused a better blood into the cfiete is- habitants of the south-west of Europe. LAome. — Tacitus {Germ, 2) states: "Gff- maniae vocabulum recens et nuper additnm, qiioiiisa qui primum Rlienum transgress! Gallos expokriit, et nunc Tungri tunc Gennani vocati sint. Its »• tionis nomen, non ^entis, evaluisse pauIatim^ntoDnes primum a victore ob metum, mox a se ipsis, invmto nomine Germani vocarentur." According to this passage, the name Gennania had been recently gira to the whole country ; the name itself had been known long before his time (Cic w Pfa. 33,/*! xi. 6; Veil. Pat ii. 67), thongh we are, perhaps »!( quite warranted in assuming that it occurred in the Capitoline Fasti as early as the year b. c SSa (Niebuhr, Led. on Bom, HitL vol ii. p. 65, note 1 6.) Tacitus further regards Germani as a proper mum of the tribe afterwards called Tungri, and not « an appellative, and intimates that from this &e tribe it was afterwards transferred to the whole na- tion. But others among the andents (Strah. rii. p. 290, iv. p. 195; Veil. Pat. i.e.; Eustalh. cdJOwn^L Per, 286) believed that Genmmi was the wefl- known Latin appellative which was given to ti» Germans to describe them as " brothers " of the Gsub or Celts. This latter view, which has been sdopted by some eminent Germans of modem times, »« probably the reason which often led the and«ats tb confound Gemuins and Celts, whence Migil calb the Arar a river of Germany (Eclog. i. 63); and the Germans on the east of the Rhine are sometimea caikd Celts. (Dion Cass. liiL 12, lui. 3 ; Died. Sic. v. 31.) The French and Italian names {AUemagne and Ak^ magna) are derived from the German tribes of the AlemoMni^ Alamani, wAlamamUf who^ as their aame indicates (Atte Manner), form d a confederatioa of several. tribes on the upper Rhme and Danube, and