Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/231

 972 GAMBBIVII. land, of much lower elevation, and scarped on botli sideS) connects it with the neighbouring moantains, and oommnnicates bj a steep descent with the south- em valley; travellers from the east and west appear to have met at this neck of land, and thence ascended to the city. If, as I conclude, the houses were built on the steep face of the mountain, Josephus might well describe them as hanging as if they would fall one on the other. All traces of them have been swept away, and the mountain is now covered with thick grass. The top is sprinkled with trees; we found many ruins on it, apparently of the citadel, but not very interesting.** {Travels^ vol. ii. pp. 92, 93.) [G. W.] GAMBHIVir. [Chamavi.] GAMPHASANTES. [Gabamantks.] GANDARAE {raySdpai, PtoL vii. 1. § 4; Steph. B. t. v.), a widely extended people of Indian or Arianian origin, who occupied a district extending more or less from the upper part of the Panjdb tj the neighbourhood of Kandahar^ and variously called in ancient authors Gandaris (Strab. xv. p. 699) or Gandaritis (Strab. xv. p. 697). The name is of Sanscrit origin, and is found in the Mahdb- hdrat under the form Gandhiras, in which work these people are classed with the Bahlfkas and other tribes beyond the Indus; the country they inhabited being described as difficult of access, and famous then, as it still is« for its breed of horses. Owing to the distinction which seems to be drawn, in the pas- sages cited above from Strabo, between Gandaris and Gandaritis, some autliors, as Groskurd and Man- nert, have been led to assign different places for these dbtricts ; determining the latter to be the same as Peucelaotis, between Attok and the Indus. It is much more probable that one and the same country was intended, the boundaries of which varied accord- ing to the reports of the travellers from whom Strabo and others compiled their geographical notices of these remote regions. From Strabo (/. c.) it may be inferred that he considered tiie country of the Gan- darae to be to the W. of the Indus; from Ptolemy, that it was somewhat more to the E., in the direction of Gaspatyrus (^Koihmir t). The latter view agrees with a notice of Hecataeus preserved by Stepbanus B. («. V, C(upapffrtu)y who calls that city woKls TayiapiK^ 2icu9£k iucrfi, Herodotus, like Ptolemy, calls it Gaspatyrus (iii. 102, iv. 44). In Herodotus these people Ave called Gandarii, and are included by him in the seventh satrapy of Dareius, along with the Aparytae, Dadicae, and Sattagydae (iii. 91): they are also found with the same name in the ar- mament of Xerxes, in company with the Dadicae, under the same commander, and wearing the same arms, as the Bactrians. Rennell (^Geogr, of Herod, vol. i. p. 390) has been induced to place them to the W. of Bactriana; but more minute examination leads to the belief that in this he is in error, and that east and south of Bactriana is really the more correct determination. (Wilson, Ariana AntiquOf p. 131 ; Asiatic Bet. vol. XV. p. 103; Lassen, PmtapoL Indictt, p. 105; M. Troyer, Hc^a-Taranffinif torn. ii. p. 319.) Stepbanus speaks of another Indian people whom he calls Gandri, who fought, according to him, against Bacchus ; adding, however, that Hecataeus called them Gandarae. There can be no doubt that the real and the mythical people are meant to be one and the same. Professor Wilson draws the general conclusion that Heeren and Rennell have both erred in placing most of these tribes to the N. of Kkorataanf GANGES. and that they may be located with more acconcy in the vicinity of the Paropamisan moant«ns, htiog the predecessors, if not the ancestors, of the voodem ffazdrcLs. [V.] GA'NDARIS. [Gandarae.] GANDARITIS. [Gandarae.] GANGANI, in IreUnd, mentioned by Ptoleiny as lying south of the Auteri. [Auteri.] PnAafcily= Clare, [R. G. L.] GANGARIDAE (rayyapl&u, Ptol. vii. 1. § 81, 2. § 14), a people who lived along the coast of the bay of Bengal, at the mouths of the Ganges, froia which they probably derived thar name. Aoooirii]^ to Ptolemy their capital was named Gange (vii. I. § 81); in another place, however, he omits the r«aine of the chief town, but adds that there are ax towns, whose names he gives, in the country, it woold appear from Pliny that a portion at least of these people extended considerably to the south, in the country now occupied by the Circars of the Corif- mandel coast, — as he speaks of " geute Gangari- dum Calingarum " (vi. 18. a. 22). The Calingae were probably near CaHnapfUnam^ between the Go- davery and Mahawuddy, Virgil (^Georg. iiL 27) and Valerius Flaccus {Argon, vl 66) mention the name of the Gangaridae. Curtius places them be- yond the Ganges to the eastward, along with tiie Prasii (ix. 7). Their name seems to have been some- times confused with that of the Gandaridae. Thus, when Dionysius Periegetes writes Gargaridae (r. 1144), he probably means Gandaridae and not, as some commentators have supposed, this people. [V.] GANGAS, GANGITES (Poryat, rajyirJit, Appian, B. C, iv. 106), a river of Macedonia, which takes its rise at and flows round Philippi ; aifler its confluence with the Zyoactes the united streams bore the name of the Angites (^A'nghiUa), which was so caUed from the branch at PhilipiH. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iiL p. 225.) It was by this " river ude " {Acts^ xvi. 13), the foantains of which gave the name to the city, before the tame of Philip of Macedon — Grenides, — the Place of Foun- tains, — that the ** Proseucha *' was sitnated (io consequence of the ablutions which were connected with the worship) in which the Gospel was fint preached within the limits of Europe. (Compu Goneybeare and Howson, L4fe and Epittiet of St. Paul, vol. L pi 316.) [E. B. J.] GANGE (Tdryriy Ptol. vii. 1. § 81 ; r«*yr»», Peripl Mar. Erytkr. p. 36), according to PU^emy, the capital town of the Gangaridae, at the month of the Ganges. The author of the Periplus of the Erythraean sea speaks of this place as the chief matt for the finest cotton ftuffs, for frankincense, and Chi- nese malabaihron. It must have been in the neigh- bourhood of the modem Calcutta, though its exact position cannot be identified. Strabo speaks of a town which he calls Gauge, but fdaces it £ar up the river, in the vicinity of Palibothra or Patna (xii p. 719). [V.] GANGES. 1. (6 rdeyyv^, Stnb. xv. pp. 686.719, &0.; Ptol. vii. 1. §29, &c.; iuLat. Ganges, -is: Adf. rayy7iTiK6s, Gangeticus, G^getis), one of the largest rivers of Apia, and the most important one of Eastern India or Hindoetdn. It was unknown to Herodotas, Ctesias, and the earlier writers of ancient times, anl it was not described by ancient authors till the Greeks under Alexander the Great and his successors peoe^ trated into Western India. It is, indeed, only in very modem times that the exact position of its sources has been determined ; the eariier of European