Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/230

 GALLICA. Ckndoitf Walckeiifter, Giojfrapkie Aneietme Jlit- ioriqtie 6< Comparie dtia GohUm Cisalpma et Tron*- tUpmef Ukert» GaUim; and Forfoiger's GompiU- tioD, Handbudi der aUtn Geographie, ^,, are all uaeful. The referenoea in thoa works wUl ahow what a large mats of literature haa aconmnlated od the geographj and hiatoiy of the Qalliae. [Q.L.] GAXUCA FLA'VIA. [Iubrobtbs.] GA'LLICUM. [Ilkroktbs.] GAXLIGUM, in Bfaoedonia. [EcniooBua] GA'LLICUM FBETUK. [Fbbtux Galu- CUM.I GAXLICUS SINUS (6 TaXarMht k6os^ Strab. p, 137 : Golfe du Lum) waa the Soman name of the baj of the Mediterranean, formed bj the sonth coast df Gallia Narbonenaia« It waa also called Mare Gallicam. (Plin. iii. 5.) The western limit waa the Pyreneea Promontoriom (Lit. xzyi. 19); the eastern may be fixed near Masailia, and the bay was aomettmes called Massaliotic. Strabo giTes the same name to the opposite bay on the Atlantic, which is formed by the north ooost of Spain and the aouth part of the Atlantic coast of Gallia; bnt no ether writer seems to have giTen the name to the Athmtic golf. [Gallia.] [G. L.] GALLINA'BIA insula. [Albxux Ikgau- HUM.] GALLINAltIA SILVA (roXXirapfa 9M|, Strab. ri. p. 243), a forest on the coast of Campania, occu- pying the sandy shore which extends from the month of the Vnltnmna towards Cumae. It is mentioned by Cicero in one of his letters (ad Fam. ix. 23) aa lying on the road to the Utter i^aee. Shortly after- wards it became the headquarters of Sextus Pom- peins, where he first organised the predatory banda with which he subsequently undertook bis piratical expeditions. (Strab. /. c.) Even at oidinary times it waa noted as a faTourite resort of banditti, and was in consequence often guarded by banda of sol- dien. (Jnv. iiL 807.) Strabo speska of it as a forest of brushwood (0M} dcvirflftSifs); bnt from Ju- venal's expression of ** Gidlinaria pinus ** it is evident that there was also a wood of tall pine-tnes, such aa grow luxuriantly on many of the sandy shores of Italy. In the 13th century we find it mentioned under the name of Pineta di Castel VoUumo ; by which it is still known, though the pines seem to have disappeared. The forest extends from the mouth of the Vnltnmus to the Torre di Patria (the aito of the ancient Litemum), and some distance be- yond that towards Cumae. The Via Doniitiana, constructed by that emperor as the direct road to Cumae, ran through the midst of the forwt, and many portions of it are still viaible. (Pratilli, Via Appia, ii. 7. p. 183.) [E. H. B.] GALLITAB, an Alpine people (FUn. iil 20), iupposed to have been about the junction of the EgUwm and the For, because there is a place there named GilUiU. [G. L.] GALLUS (raxAof: Lefhe), a small river of Bithynia, havmg its sources near Modra in the north of Phrygia, and emptying itself into the Sangariua a little more than 300 stadia from Niooinedeia. (Strab. xii. p. 543.) Ammianns BlaroelUnua describes its ooune as very winding (xxvi. 8). Martianus Capelia (6. § 687, ed. Kopp) confounds this river with another of the same name in Galatia, which veems likewise to have been a tributary of the San- gariua, and on the banks of which Pessinus is said to have beoi situated. From the river Gallus in Ga- Vuia the Galli, or priests of Cybele, were said by some GAMALA. 971 to have derived their name, because its water made those who drank of it mad. (Steph. B. «. v.; Plin. V. 42, vi. I, zxxi. 5; Herodian, i. 11; Ov. FaH. iv. 364.) [L.S.] GAMALA (r& Td^yMXa), a town of Palestine, frequently mentioned by Josephus, and from which the district Gamalitis (A J. iii. 3. § 5) derived ito name. Thia district was apparently identical with that otherwise called Lower Ganlanitis by the same historian, in which Gamala was situated (iv. 1. § 1). It is first mentioned aa a fortress of great strength, in the life of Alexander Jannaeus, who re- duced it {B. J, i. 4. § 8). It is placed by Josephus opposite to Tarichaea, and on the lake. Its site and character are minutely described: "A rugged ridge, stretching itself from a high mountain, rises in a lump midway, and elongates itself firom the rise, declining as much before as behind, so as to resemble a camel in form, whence it derives its nama Both in flank and in front it is cleft into inaccessible ra- ' vines; but at the back it is somewhat easier of ascent, being there joined to the mountains, from which, however, the inhabitanta severed it by a trench, and rendered the approach moie di£Scult Against the precipitous Caoe c^ the mountain numerous houses had been built, closely crowded one on another; and the city, apparently suspended in the air, seemed to be falling upon itself, by reason of its perpendicular site. It inclines towards the mid-day sun; and the hill, stretching upward with a southern aspect to a prodigious height, served aa a citadel to the town : while an impregnable cliff above it extended down- ward into a lavine of vast depth. Within the ram- parts was a fountain, at which the city terminated.* (B. J, iv. l.§ 1). At the firstoutbreakof the Jewish rebellion it waa for a time maintained in its fidelity to the Romans, through the influence of Philip^ the lieutenant ( hrapx^) of King Agrippa ( Kite, §11); but subsequently it revolted, and was garrisoned and fortified by Josephus (§ 37) with nuues and trenchea, so as to make it the strongest fortress in that part of the country (^B. J. iv. 1. § 2). Accordingly, when its recovery was attempted by the younger Agrippa, his troops were occupied for seven months in an in- effectual attempt to take it by siege. It was taken, however, by Vespasian, after a spirited resistance of the garrison, when the loss sustained by the legion- aries was revenged by the indiscriminate slaughter of the survivors, of whom 4000 perished by the sword, and 5000 threw themselves from the walls, and were dashed to pieces in the ravines below. The site of thb strong fortress, though so remark- able, and so minutely described by Josephus, had been forgotten for nearly eighteen centuries, when Lord Lindsay attempted to recover it in a steep in- suUited hill to the east of the sea of Tiberias, and nearlyopposite to that town. It is now called i^/J7osm, and lies, according to Burckhardt, between the village of Feik and the shore, three quarters of an hour from the former; ** having extensive ruins of buildings, walls, and columns on its top." (Burckhardt, Syna, ph 278, with a wood-cut of the site.) According to Lord Lindsay, the hill, ** at a dutance, so strongly resembles the hump oi a camel, that I think there can be little doubt of ita being the ancient Gamala. It has been a pkoe of tremendous strength, and no slight importance. Valleys, deep and almont perpen- dicuUr, surround it on the north, east, and south. On the south side, the rock is scarped anguhu'ly for defence; on the eastern, it is built up so aa to bar all appraach from below; to the south-east a neck of