Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/206

 GALLIA CIS. k, 15,000 Bcstertii. It remains to be explained what was the process, if tbo party who was con- demned to pay did not obey the judgment. Pachta, who keeps oloee to the principle (which is true in the main) that execotion belongs to the imperium, infers that the municipal magistrates had no power to order execution, but that the praetor at Rome must be applied ta This mmstrous unpractical conclusion is a simple impossibility. Aocordmg to this, as Savigny remarks, if a plaintiff at Padua ob- tained judgment in his favour in the matter of a few denarii, or for a bushel of wheat that he had sold, and the defendant did not pay, the pbuntiff must make a journey to Rome to get execution. We must conclude that it was one of the objects of the lex, after having limiteil the jurisdiction of the Gallic magis- trates to a fixed sum, to provide the means of en- forcing their judgments, though we have no evidence of this. But both the general principles of Roman law as to jurisdictio (Javolenus, L. 2. deJuritdict. 2. 1), and other arguments urged by Savigny, are decisive against the absurd conclusion of Puchta. The names by which these Gallic communities are mentioned in the lex are various. In one passage " mnnicipium " a used as a generic name, compre- hending coloniaa and the praefectura ; and this denomination could be correctly used, for the whole country contained only Roman communities. In another passage occur ** municipium," '"colonia," " locus ;'' where " locus " means any place which does not belong to the other two chuses. Savigny supposes that " coloniae" may mean such places as had not consented to be dianged into ^municipia;" but that these could only be a few, fur he thinks that the towns south of the Po^ when that country obtained the dvitas, and the Transpadani, when they also, at a later time, obtained the civitas, must first have become Fundus, as the Romans teimed it (see Diet Antiq.^ Art Fundus) ; that is, must have given their con- sent to become Roman municipalities, like the Italian cities which received the civitas by virtue of the Lex Julia. This explanation of the word ^ coloniae " in the Lex Rubria seems doubtful ; and it may be nothing more than a I^al superabundance of language. It is true that, if thero was not and could not be a oolonia in Gallia, the name would have no meaning in the lex, and would be not only an idle, but an absurd redun- dancy; but there had been coloniae, and the lex may mean, whether you call the place mnniciinum or colonia, or any other name which is applicable to it. In another passage there is a lai^er enumeration of places, if the abbreviations are rightly explained : — vicus, castelliim." Here '* oppidum " is generic, not a particular class ; *' municipium ** comprehends most of the chief towns; " colonia," according to Savigny, only a few towns; and "praefectura," only Mutina. The other three names denote smaller places, which had a less complete organisation. Places of this kind, it is assumed (and there can be no doubt of it), had not their separate magistrates; a village had not its own judge. This appears from the general system of town organisation in Italy, where each chief place had its district or territory, the smaller places or vilhiges in which were attached to the chief place, and included in its jurisdiction. A "forum," "vicus," or *' castellum," would be a part of the territory of a administration, as we see in the fact of the census being taken there. When the lex, in speaking of these smaller places, says, " qui ibi juri dicundo prae* GALLU TRANS. 947 est," this does not lead to the conclusion that these pUces had their separate msgistrates, for this ex- pression may apply just as well to the II. viri of the town to whose jurisidiction the " vicns" or the "forum" belonged. (Savigny, VermiichU Schrifien^ vol. iii., Tafd von Herdkha ; Puchta, Zeitsdrift fur Ge- ickichL Reehitw. Lex RubriOj &c. voL x.) The division of Italy into eleven "regiones " by Augustus had for its immediate object the taking of the census, which was conducted in a new way, and was taken in the several districts. The regiones into which Gallia was divided were: Regie XL, whieh was Transpadana, or Italia Transpadana ; Regio X., which was Venetia et Histria, sometimes called Ve- netia only; Regio IX., which corresponded to the former Lignria; and Regio VIIL, which was bounded on the north by the Po, on the east by the Hadriatic, on the south by the Rubicon, and on the west by the Trebia, which separated it from that part of Regio IX. which was north of the Apennines. [G. L. J GA'LLIA TRANSALPINA, or simply GALLIA (^ KcXruc^, FoAarfa : Adj. Gallicus, Ktru(6s, TaXarueSs^. Gallia was the name given by the Romans to the country between the Pyrenaei Montes and the Rhenus. When it became Roman, and was divided into several parts, they were called Gal- liae. (Plin. iii. 3; Tac Ann,. 31.) It is some- times called Ulterior Gallia, to distinguish it firom Giterior Gallia or Gallia in North Italy ; though the name Ulterior is applied by Caesar in one or two passages to the Provincia only. It was also called Gallia Comata (Cic. PhiL viii. 9), with the exception of the Narbonensis, because the people let their hair grow long. The southern part of this country along the shore of the Mediterranean, which Caesar calls Provincia, was originally called Braccata, because the natives wore '* braccae" or breeches; aft4rwards it was termed Narbonensis. (Mela, il. 5; Plin. iii. 5.) The Greek name Celtice (^ KcArtic^) was earlier in use than the Roman name, for the Greeks were settled on the south coast of France long before the Romans knew anything of the country. But the name Celtice was used in a vague sense by the early Greek writers. [Celtice.] The name Galatia came into use from the tune of the historian Ti- maeus ; and even the compound K^Krcya^arla (Steph. B. t. V. Ao^y9ovyop; Ptol. ii. 7) was after- wards used. In the Roman period the Greek writers sometimes also used the Roman form roAA/o. The Greek names by which Transalpina Gallia was dis- tinguished from Cisalpina, were merely descriptive of its position, as: 4i hrip rwf "hXitfwv KcXruni, ^ ds-cpeUircioT, ^ ^{«, ^ licrof. The Romans used the name^Galli as a general term for all the people whom they considered to be of Gallic race. But the oldest Greek fonn of the name was KcXrof (Herod, ii. 33), and KfAroi, and TaAcCrai. Polybius (ii. 15) uses the Roman word Tpoyo'aAiriyoi, to distin- guish the Transalpine from the Italian Galli, which word Strabo renden by the Greek uircpiiAircioi (p. 212). A complete geography of Gallia might be a chro- nological exposition of all that the Greeks and Ro- mans said or supposed about this country; but, as much of this is erroneous, and as their knowledge of it was gradually extended and corrected, the proper purpose of such an article as this is to say what can be said within reasonable limits, and what is useful for reading the best Greek and Roman writers. When Uerodotus (ii. 33) says that the ^ Istms {Da- dF2
 * " oppidum, municipium, colonia, praefectura, forum,
 * municipium." The mnnicipium was the centre of