Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/205

 946 GALLIA CIS. is fixed at the Macn (Afo^ra), which enters the seft a little west of Luna. Some (Sipronios, de Ant. Jur. Italiae, i. c 22) would extend the boundary to the Arnus. Poljbius certainly (ii. 15) extends the Ligurian territory to the neighboarhood of Pisae, yet not to the Arno: for Pisae was an Etruscan city. Bat the boundary of Liguna, in the time of Augus- tus, was the Macra ; and on the Gallic frontier the boundary was the Varus ( Vew); and this may have been so when Caesar was proconsul of Gallia. In the NE. the province extended at least to Aquileia. Caesar had Gallia Cisalpina and lUyricum as his provinces, besides Transalpina Gallia. Liguria was certainly within his province. At Aquileia he had three legions at the commencement of the Helvetic War (b. c. 58 )| which he carried over the Alps with him. {B. G, i. 10.) Aquileia was in the country of the Cami, but it was at this time within the pro- vince of Cisalpine Gallia ; and tliis explains Livy (xl. 34), when he says that Aquileia was in the Ager Gallorum, which he might say in a certain sense. Venetia was of course in the province of Gallia Cisalpina. It seems from a paasage in the eighth book of the Gallic War (A G. viii. 24), that Caesar considered Tei^este (TWsfte) to be in Gallia Togata ; or at least the author of this book did. Sigonius makes the Formio {Ruone a little south of Tef^este, the boundary of Gallia Cisalpina in this part ; but the boundary probably was not fixed. If the province included I^ria, into which the pro- consuls of Cisalpine Gallia had carried their arras, we may porhnpe extend the limit here as far as the river Arsia (^Arsa)^ which was at a later time the boundary of Italia. But there is no evidence to show how far the civitas was extended when the Transpadani became Roman citizens ; it must have extended to Aquileia, or further, but we know nothing about this. Caesar generally passed the winter in North Italy during his Gallic wars, and he used to hold the conventns at this season. (A G. i. 54, vi. 44.) Gallia Cisalpina, therefore, at this time had its division into ainventus, like Sicily, and Hispania and Lusitania at a later time ; but we do not know the names of the conventus, nor the divi- sions of the country for judicial and administrative purposes. The proconsul had the complete civil power in his handis. Even after b. c. 49, when Gallia Cisalpina had the civitas, and consisted of Boman communities organised after Roman fashion, there was still one exception. The towns had no II. vir juri dicundo, or magistrates for the administration of justice. The proconsul had the general administration of justice, which he exercised either in his own person, or by praefecti, to whom he delegated his authority. ** The towns were consequently here, on the whole, in a like condition with the single praefectume elsewhere, which however were not numerous ; with this ex- ception, that they had not, like the praefecture, sepa- rate praefects, but the proconsul was the general praefectus for the whole province. Only one place, Mutina, was a real praefectnra. The praetor did not exercise jurisdiction there, but a praefectus juri dicundo was sent from Rome." (Savigny.) After the dictator's murder, b. c. 44, D. Brutus, one of his friends and assassins, held the province of Gallia Cisalpina, as governor, by tlie authority of the senate. He was beseiged in Mutina by M. Antonius; and in the spring of b. c. 43 the battle took place, before Mutina, in which the consuls Hirtius and Pansa fell. Cicero^ in his Philippics, still speaks . GALLIA CIS. of the Provincia Gallia to tiie end of April, b. c. 43. In the, autumn of b. g 43 the last proconsul of Gallia Cisalpina, D. Brutus, was caught and pat to death by order of M. Antonius. No governor oif Cis- alpine Gallia was again appointed. IMoo Casaos (xlviii. 12) speaks of Gaktia Togata, as he calls it, in the year b. c 41, as being already included in Italia; " so that no one, on the pretext of having the government there, could maintain troops on the aonth side of the Alps." This seems. to imply an ammg^ ment made between Octavianus and M. Antoiuns. From this time the name Italia, which in tlie po« pubir language had sometimes been extended to Gallia Cii»]pina, as alrpady observed, oomprebcoded all the country south of the Alp». A lex was enacted for the regulation of the juria- diction in Gallia Cisalpina, which b termed the Lex de Gallia Cisalpina. A considerable part of it was found A. D. 1760, in the ruins of Veleia, and it is preserved in the Museum at Parma. The date of its enactment was probably soon after b. c. 43. The name of the lex is now generally admitted to be the Lex Rubria, or Lex Rubria de Crallia Cisalpina, though some critics do not think that the name of the proposM' of the lex is known. In his first essay on this subject Savigny doubted about the paup iie ty of calling this lex the Lex Rubria, and he also sup- posed tbe object of the lex to be to give directkioi to the newly established magistrates in Gallia as to procedure. In the additions to his original essay he has expressed himself perfectly satisfied with Puchta's explanation of the purpose of the lex, and he derives from this expUnation satisfactory evideooe that the true name of the lex is Lex Rabria. The purpose of the lex is important for the nnderatand • ing of the municipal organisation of Italy under the empire. In the Digest we find the jurisdiction of the muni- dpal magistrates limited in two ways: first, by the amount of the sum of money or matter in dispute; secondly, by the fiust that they had the pofwers which belonged to the proper juri^ictio only, and not thoM which were comprised in the imperiuro. The origin of tliis double limitation, which appears in the Dipsst as a general rule for all municipal magistratea, mnst be sought for in the Lex Rubria. The second limi- tation deprived those magistrates of the power of granting a missio, bonorum popsessio, and restitutio, and of compelling a praeterio stipolatio. As to the amount or value of the matter in dispute, the ma- gistrates of Gallia were not allowed to decide io cases where it was above 15,000 sesterces. The lex, then, had two objects: one was to limit the amount, as just stated, and to exclude the magistrates from the exercise of those powers which were contained in the imperium ; the other was to provide mles lor their direction, which these limitations made neces- sary, in order to prevent the administration of jus- tice from being impeded. The magistrates men- tioned in the lex are II. vir, IIII. vir, praefectns. The first is the ordinary name for a municipal ma- gistrate ; but probably II. viri I. D. (juri dicundo) were in Gallia, as in other {daces, more common than IIII. viri I. D. The third name, praefectns, occurs twice with the designation of Mutinenas. The old colony of Mutina was a praefectnra. and the only one in Gallia. Accordingly, all the Gallic towns had for magistrates either II. viri I. D. or IIIL viri I. D., except Mutina, which had a praefectus I. D. The amount of the matter in dispute in which n Gallic magistrate had jurisdiction was, as we haTo