Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/200

 GALLU CIS. tX the valley was Eparedia, also a Roman settlament; and, according to Pliny (iii. 17), a Gallic name. There is no evidence that the Salassi were Celtae, though the want of evidence does not prove that they were not They were moontaineerSi not inha- bitants of the plains. They took no part in the wars of the Cisalpine Galli against Bome ; and they wera not subdued till the time of AngnstoSf though Eporedia, at the southern entrance of the great valley, was settled before that time. [Epokedia.] Next to the Laevi and the Libicii were the Isombri, or Insubres, between the hill oonntiy and the Pa Their eastern limit seems to have been tiie Addua (^Adda); and their chief city, Mediolanum, had a Gallic name, but its origin is unknown. Thers is a curious confusion in the MSSw about the nam*) of this people. In the passage already quoted from Polybius (ii. 16), where he describes the Apennines next to the Ligurians as occupied by Umbri, three MSS. (ed. Bekker) have Isombri instead of Umbri; and in iii. 86 one MS. has Isombri. But in both passages the Umbri are meant. Another form of the name, Surobri, has been mentioned| which occurs in Stiabo. Editors generally take great pains to get rid of all these troublesome varieties, and to reduce them to uniformity. The forms Insobores, Insobri, are stated to be the forms in Polybius by Stei^nus («. 9.); and the form Insobri occurs in the Fragments of Polybius, but this does not prove that it was his genuine form. In the Boman form Insubres, the n does not seem to be a radical part of the name, and nAr is the real element There is no authority for the existence of a tribe in Gallia called Insubres, except the passage of Livy already cited; and this name ought to be excluded from the maps of Transalpine (^dlia. The Isombri are an Italian people, of whose origin nothing is known ; but they were GallL The Cenomani or Gonomani, as Polybius writes the name, were due east of the Isombri along the Po, and their eastern limit was probably the Adige; but we do not know whether they occupied the country between the Lower Adige and the Po. Mantua would lie within their territory, and Cremona, the first Boxnan settlement north of the Po (b. c. 218), the choice of which may have been determined in some measure by the friendly relations between the Bomans and the Cenomani at that time. Verona, east of the Adige, is named by Livy as one of the towns of the Cenomani, which is certainly not true, unless the territory of the Cencnnani extended some distance east of the Adige; for this river is a natural and a political boundary. Brixia wss one of the towns of the Cenomani, and there may be no reason to doubt that Bergoinnm was one alsa The northern Hmit of the Cenomani was the hill country of the Eoganei. The tribes on the south of the Po were also all in the plain. The most western were the Anaiies (Polyb. ii. 17), whom Polybius, the only author who mentions them, describes as about the Apennine, by which he means the base of the hills. They are otherwise unknown. Their neighbours on the east were the Boii. Polybius (ii. 32) speaks of Anamares, who have been identified with the Ananee; but the name is different enough, and Polybius places the Anamares in Gallia Tnuisalpina near Massilia. The Boil occupied the countiy along the south side of the Po to the foot of the Apennines, and the northern slopes of these mountains. Their limits can only be approximated to by mentioning the towns within GALLIC CIS. 941 th«r territory. Bononia, originally called Felsina, when it was an Etruscan city, was one of them, and Mutina and Parma were two others. Piacentia, near the junction of the Trebia and the Po, may have been within their limits; if it was not, we must place it in the country of the Ananes. East of the Boii were the Lingones, *' towards the Adriatic " (Polybius). This would place them in the low flat land east of Modena and Bologna, in the Ferrarese, a country that cannot be inhabited without keeping up the canals and embankments any more than many parts of the Netherlands. If the Lingones really main- tained themselves in this pUoe, they must hare been an industrious people. We know nothing at all of their history in Italy, except what a modem writer says, founding his remark on Livy (v. 35), that the Lingones came into Italy with the Boii, and probably shared all their undertakings and their fate, sinee there is no other special mention of them. A man who has the gift of reason would come to a different conclusion: tiiat the Lingones shared neither the undertakings nor the fate c^ the Bmi. They were in their marshes, keeping out the water and looking afler their h(^ and beasts, and the Romans would not touch such people till all the rest were subdued. The last tribe was the Senones, *' on the sea " (Poly« bios). The limits of the Senones cannot be exactly defined. The river Aesis may have been tlieir southern limit Strabo (p. 217) says that the Ae&is was originally the boundary of Gallia Cisalpina (jfvrhs JccXruri^), and afterwards the river Rubico. Thus we see that these Gallic nations, with whom the Bomans had so long a struggle, were all inha- bitants of the plains, and only of those parts of the hilly region which are contiguous to the plains; but not a Idll people, nor mountaineers. Only two na- ti(ms make a great figure among them, the Isombri and the Boii. There is no evidence that the Isombri came from €iallia Transalpina; and very little to con- nect the Boii with this Gallia. These &cts are worth the consideration of a future historian of ancient Italy. Niebuhr, who rejects Livy^s account of the time of these Cisalpine Galli settling in Italy, supposes them to have crossed the Alps (mly some ten or twenty years before they took Bome, and he affirms this on the authori^ of Polybius. Diodorus certainly places the passage of these Galli over the Alps (xiv. 113) immediately before the capture of Bome; but we cannot infer from Polybius at what time he supposed these Cisalpine Galli to have crossed the Alps. He says nothing of ten or twenty years, for he knew nothing of the tune, and like a prudent man he leaves the thing as obscure as he found it The true conclusion is, that we know nothing at all of the Gallic settlements m North Italy; and yet there were Galli there, and the country which they occu- pied wss Gallia in Italy. We cannot suppose that the Galli exterminated all the people of the plains which they got possession of. If any were left, they would be Umbri; for as to the Tuscans, they, pro- bably, during their possession of the Po country, lived in strong towns, 'and made somebody else cul- tivate the ground for them. There is one remarkable place in the country. Spina, an Hellenic settlement near the sea, and perhaps on the southern branch of the Po. What effect it had on the civilisation of Cis- alpne Gallia, we do not know; and, mdeed, it inay have been at an early period reduced to insignifi- cance. It was fixed in a like position with respect to inland Galli and barbarous tribes with the Pho- caean town of Hassalia, on the south coast of Trans*-