Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/195

 936 GALLIA CIS. nor can we with certaintj say what it was; bat it may have been both these causes, and something else. The Galli have always been a military people; and the desire of active employmentf the weaiiness of doing nothing, and the hope of plunder would at any time be sufficient to pat their fighting men in motion. Two chieftains led the emigrants. Sigovesas conducted his men into Germany, into the great Hercynian forest. Livy does not mention what tribes accompanied him; nor is it certain whether he is following the same anthority as Caesar {B. O, vi. 24), who speaks of the Gallic settlements in the Hercynian forest Belloresus, the other chief, led to the conqoest of North Italy, Bitaiiges, Anremi, Senonet, Aedai, Ambarri, Camates, and Aolerd, all which nations belonged to that division of Gallia which Caesar caUs the coontry of the Celtae (i. 1). The invaders entered Italy by the Taarinus Saltns, or the pass of Mont Genevre^ and defeated the Toscans or £tniscans, who then held the plain of the Po, not far from the banks of the Ticinos. Finding here a people named Insnbres, which was also the name of a pagus of the Aedai, they built a city and called it Mediolanam (^MUan). The Insubres of Gallia Transalpina are only known from this pasiiage; but there was a Mediolannm near Lagdunum, and it is supposed that this place may mark the position of the pagus of the Insnbres. Of the names of all these tribes moati :ned by Livy, not one appean in the geography of Italy except that of tlie Soiones, and the country which the Senonea occapied was south of the Pa Livy, or the autho- rities that he followed, probably attempted to explain the origin of the Cisalpine tribe of the Insnbres or Isombri {'WofiSpoi) as the Greek writers call them, by the clani^ expedient of supposing all these in- vading tribes to have changed their name for one that they foxmd on the spot, which happened to be the name of a small Transalpine pagus. But Livy lias not explained the origin of the lusubres; and i£ tho Insubres were in North Italy before this invasion, and were a Celtic people, they must have come in a former immigration; and if iB-umbri is the genuine form of the word, we may assume that they were Umbri, who had long beni settled in the basin of the Po. Indeed, if we look carefully at Livy's nar- rative, we shall see that he does not say that these Insubres whom the invadeiy found in Italy were Galli ; nor does he say who they were. He lets all the names of the invaden disappear, and thai of the Insubres remain in their place. Yet the Insubres were Galli beyond all doubt Polybius merely fixes the position of the Insubres as one of the Gallic nations of Cisalpine Italy. The name appeara in his text in various forms. Strabo has the Roman form Insubri, and in one place XifiSpot (p. 218; and Groskurd's Note, Transl. Stmb. vol. i. p. S73). A new band according to Livy*s authorities soon crossed the Alps by the same pass, the Cenomani (Liv. v. 35) under Elitovius, and occupied the places where in Livy's time Brixia (Brescia) and Verona were: the Libui were the previous occnpiers of these parts. Livy may not have perceived that he has already mentioned (v. 34) the Aulerd as Gallic in- vaders of Italy, nnd that the Cenomani were a division of the AulercL [Cenouani.] Cato found a traditi(m somewhere (Plin. iii. 19) that the Ceno- mani once dwelt near Massilia {MarseiBe) in the country of the Volcae, which, if the tradition is true, may have been daring their migration from their original ooantry between the Loire and the Swte. GALLIA CIS. The Cenomam (Livy) were foOoired by the SaDimi, who settled near ** an ancient people, LdieTiyLisiires,^ as some texts have it, " who dwdt aboat the riv«r Ticinos." But here Livy has not dbevred, tbongh he knew the fact, that the SaUnvii or Salyes wm Lignrians, and dwelt between the Lower Bhooe mad the Alps. In this passage (r. 35) perluqps he may mean tiie Salassi. Another band of invaders, Boii and Lingaoea, crossed the Alps by the Pennine pass (the Greai St. Bernard), and finding all the coontiy occupied be- tween the Alps and the Po, they passed the river on rafts, aiid drove out of the ooantry both Etmscans and Umbri; but they did not advance beyond the Apennines. (Liv. v. 35.) The position of the Gallic Lingones of Caesar's time is marked by tiie site of Langretj in the ooantry at the head of the Saemtj but the original coontay of the Bcni [Bon] is unoer- tain. The Senones (Liv. ▼. 35) were the last in- vaders, and they occapied the coast of the Adriatic fiom tlM river Utb {Monttme) to the Aesia (^Emnoiy, which is a little north of Anooma. livy has alreidy mentioned Senones amoi^ the first invaden. The Senones and Lingones were also Celtae; and the Se- nones were from the basin of the Stine. All the tribes which livy here enumerates appear in Caoar s history of the Gallic War, except the Insohres, and the Sallnvii, who were in Caesar's time witlun tho limits of the Pix>vincia. At the time of the Gallic invasion the Tnarana, who were the masters of this country,^ bad boilt many towns, cleared the forests, cut canab, and made embanlonents; at least, tradition asslgDed to them Ij^e credit of doing this. Polyblna (iL 17) assigns a very simple cause to the Gallic invasions of this fine country. The Galli had often croesed Uie Alps to trade with the inhabitants of the jdains, and they soon found a pretext for sizing this land of plenty, as they have done since. Mantoa, one of the old Tuscan towns north of the Po (Plin. iii. 19), survived the Gallio invasion, being probably saved hf its position amidst noarshes; bat Melpam (as it stands in Pliny's text, iiL 17), one of the richest Tuscan cities, was destroyed by the Insubres, Boil, and Senones, on the day on which CamiUos took Veii. The description which Polybina gives of the habits of these Transalpine nations (ii. 17) is just i^ what we might expect They lived in unwalled vil- lages, — in houses of some Idnd, we must suppose, or they could not have been vilhiges, — but they had no household stuff: their bed was straw, kaves, or grass, and fiesh their food; their only businesa and aU that they understood was agricultore and war. Thdr agriculture did not consist in tilling the gromnd, but in feeding sheep and cattle, which, with gold, formed their wealth, because theee were the tlungs that they could most easily carry about with tbenu the chiefs were most concerned to have a large tnun of followers, for a man was feared and respected in proportion to the number of folk that he had about him. Such a people would not found towns on their first invasion of Italy: indeed, the founding of towns woald have been useless, for they did rwt live in them, and if they had chosen that mode of life they might have been content with the Tuscan dties. Livy^s story of the foundation of Mediolanum, Brixia, and Verona b a fable; and yet Mediolanum at least is an undoubted Gallic name, for there are several cities in Transalpine Gallia called Mediolanam; and Brixia and Verona are probably Gallic too. These audacious baibiuiana levied ooDtiibutioas oa