Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/182

 Ihdb of the anei«nt Gadan are still easily dieoern- ible. Besides the foundations of a whole line of houses, and the remains of a row of columns which lined the main street aa. either side, there are two theatrea, m the north and west sides of the town, «ne quite destroyed, but the latter in veiy tolerable preserration, and veiy handsome; near it the ancient pavement, with wheel-tracks of carriages, is still visible. Broken columns and capitals lie in every direction, and sarcophagi to the east of the town, where ia the necropolis, the tombe of which are by fitr the most interesting antiquities of Om KeiM. The sepulchres, which are all under ground, are hewn out of the live rock, and the doors, which are very massy, are cut out of immense blocks of stone; some of these are now standing, and actually working on their hinges." (hbj and Mangles, p. 297 ; Lord Lindsay, voL iu pp. 96, 97 ; Traill*B Joaephm, voL i. p. 35, vol. ii. p. 88, and the Plates there referred ta) The hot springs and baths of Gadara were celebrated in ancient times, and reckoned second only to those of Baiae, and with which none other oould be com- pared. (Eunap. Sardian. ap, Beland, PalaetL p. 775.) They are mentioned in the Itinerary of An- toninus Martyr: " In parte ipnus civitatis, miliario tertio, sunt aquae calidae quae appellantur thermae Heliae, uM leprod mundantur;" and again: ** Ibi est etiam fluvius calidus qui dicitur Gadarra, et de- aoendii torrms, et intrat Jordanem, et ex ipso am- pliatur Jordanis et major fit " {ap, Beland, L c). Eusebius and St Jerome are more accurate ; they describe the hot springs as bursting forth from the roots of the mountain on which the city is built, and having baths built over them. (^OnomatL *. w. AieduA and NSc^we, cited by Reland, p. 302.) They Were visited by Captains Irby and Mangles. ^ They are not so hot as those of Tiberias. One of them is enclosed by palm>trees in a very jacturesque manner. The ruins of a Roman bath are at the source; we found several sick persons at these springs, who had come to use the waters." (Travelt, p. 298.) [G.W.] GADDA (TdSSd), a town of the tribe of Jndah, toentioned only in Jothna (xv. 27). A village of this name is nodced by Eusebius as existing in his day, on the site of the ancient town, in the extremity of the country, called Daroma. St Jerome adds, mast. #. V.) [G. W.] • GADE'KI (raS^roO, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 10) as lying to the north of the Damnil [Dahmii.] Berwickthirej with (perhaps) parts of Roxburgh and Haddington, [K. G. L.J GADES (-IUM ; also GADIS, and GADDIS), the Latin form of the name which, in the original Phoenician, was GADIR (or GADDIB), and in the Greek GADEIRA (r^i TdS^ipa; Ion. Vifittpa, He- rod. ; and, rarely, h TajHtlpa^ Eratosth. ap. Steph, B. 9. v.), and which is preserved in the form Cadiz or CofUzj denotes a celebrated city, as well as the island on which it stood (or rather the islands, and hence the plural form), upon the SW. coast of Hlspania Baetica, between the struts and the mouth of the Baetis. (^Eth, raScipc^r, fem. rodeipts, also^ rarely, FaUktplTqs^ raifiptuos and radcfpain^r, Steph. B. ; Adj. Taitipuc&s, e. g. with x<^i Phit Crit. p. 114, b : Lat. Adj. and Eth. Gaditanus). The fimciful etymologies of the name invented by the Greek and Roman writers, are barely worthy id a passing mention. (Plat CWttcM, p. 114, Steph. B. «. V. ; Etym, M. ; Suid. ; Uesych. ; Eustatli. ad Dion. Perkg. 64.) The kter gec^raphen rightly GADES. ststod that ii was a Phoenician wovd (Dioo. Per. 456 ; Avien. Ora Marit. 267—269 : " Gaddir hie est oppidum : Nam Punicorum lingua conseptum locum Gaddir vocabat") It was the chief Phoenician colony outside the PiUara of Hercules, having been established by them feng before the b^rinning of classical histoiy. (Stnb. iii. pp. 148, 168 ; Died. Sic. v. 20 ; Scymn. Ch. 160 ; Mela, ill 6. § 1 ; PUn. v. 19. s. 17 ; VelL Paterc. i. 2 ; Airian. and Aelian. ap. Eustatb. ad Dun. Perieg. 454.) To the Greeks and Romans it was kmg the westernmost point of the known world ; and the island on which it stood (Itla da Leon) was identified with that of Eiytheia, where king Geryon fed the oxen which were carried off by Hercules ; or, according to some, Erytheia was near Gadeira. (Hesiod. 7'Aeo^.287, et seq., 979, et seq.; Herod, iv. 8 ; Strab. iii. pp. 118, 169 ; Plin. iv. 21. s. 36 ; and many others: for a f^Il discussion of the question, see tikert, vol. ii. pt 1, pp. 240, 241.) The island was also called Aphrodlsias, and Coti- nussa, and by some both the city and the isknd were identified with the celebrated Tartessus. The early writers give us brief notices of Gades. Herodotus (JL e.) places Gadeira on the ocean, beyond the PilUin of Hercules, and near it the isknd of Erytheia. Scylax states that, among the Iberi, the first people of Europe (on the W.), there are two tshnds, named Gadeira, of which the one has a city, a day's journey from the Pillan of Hercules. (Scylax, pp. 5, 120, ed. Gronov., pp. 1, 51, ed. Hudson.) Eratosthenes mentioned the ci^ of Gadeira (op. Steph. B. $. 9.), and the ** happy island " of Ery- theia, in the land ot Tartesais, near Calpe (ap. Strab. iii. p. 148, who refers also to the views of Artemidorus). In the period of the Carthaginian empire, therefore, the situation of the place was tolerably well known to the Greeks ; but it is not till after the Punic Wars had given Spun to the Romans, that we find it more particularly described. The fullest description is that of Strabo (iii. pp. 140, 168), who places it at a distance of less than 2000 stadia from the Sacred Headland (C S. Ktnceni), and 70 frmn the mouth of the Baetis (Guadal- quivir) on the one side, and about 750 from Calpe (G^aUar) on the other, or, as some said, 800. Mela (ii. 7) transfers it to the entrance of Uie StraitSy which he makes to begin at Junonis Pr. (C. Tra- falgar'). Pliny, who makes the entrance of the Straits at Mellaria, places Gades 45 M. P. outside (iv. 22. s. 36, with Ukert^s emendation : the MSS. vary between 25 and 75). The island is described as divided fitxn the mainland of Baetica by a narrow strait, like a river (Mela, iii. 6), tlie least breadth of which is given by Strabo as only 1 stadium (606 ft.), and as barely 700 ft by Pliny, who nukes the greatest breadth 1 M.P. (ii. 108. s. 112) : it is now called the River of St. Peier^ and the bridge which spanned it (^Itin. Ant. i^ 409) is called tlie Puenie de Zuaxo^ from Juan Sanchez de Zuazo, who restored it in the 15th century. The length of the isbuid was estimated at about 100 stadia (Strab. /. c), or 12 M. P. (Polyb. ap. PUn. L c. : Pliny himself says 15) : its breadth varied from one sta- dium to 3 Roman miles (Strab., Plin., U. ee.). The city stood on the W. side of the bland, and was from the fint very small in comparison with its maritime importance. Even after it was enlarged by the building of the ''New City," under the
 * contra orientem, imminens man mortuo." {Ono-
 * 23