Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/168

 FORUM JULII. rnm Golonia qoae Paoensis appellator ei Clasaica." The rirw Argentetia waa withSn its limita. (Ptol. U. 10.) The name Octavanarom, mentiooed also bj Mela (ii. 5), is sappoeed to show thai a detachment fr nn the eighth legion was settled here. The name Classica is probably derived from the fleet bemg sta- tioned here bj Augustus. The place has the va- rions names of Oppidum Forojuliense (Tacit Atm, iv. 5); Forum Julium Karbonensis Galliae Colooia (iliMi. iL 63); CoboiA Forojuliensb (Tacit Hist, ii. 14). Forum Julii was a naral station in the time of Tiberius, and ships of war were kept there, which Augustus took at the battle of Actium, and used for the defence of this port of the Gallic coast (Tacit Atm, iv. 63); and it is again mentioned as an im- portant naval station in the time of Vitellius (Tacit BuL u. 43). It was the birthplace of Gn. Agricola, the conqueror of Britain (Tacit Agric 4); and an old and distingmshed Gdonia, as Tacitus calls it The sauce called " garum " was made here. (PUn. xxzi. 7 1 8.) The port of Forum Julii was at the bottom of a small bay, but the entrance has been filled up by the ourth brought down by the Argenteus, which river flows a little to the west of Forum JuliL The traces of the two moles which formed the entrance of the port, still remain; but the entrance is now about 3000 feet from the sea. The width of the Roman port is estimated at about 1500 feet, and its depth from the entrance between the moles at 1680 feet These dimensions show that the port of Forum Julium may be compared with those made by Trajan at the month of the Tiber and at Centum Cellae, and with the port of Antitun. There is no water now in the port of Fr^tUj except a small lagune, near a quay of Roman construction, which forms an angle with the mole on the right to one who enters the port. The traces of the walls show that the old town was much larger than the modem. There is a triumphal arch, which is supposed to have formed one of the four gates of the town. The circuit of the amphitheatre is about 650 feet. The arelu^ which is buried under rubbish, is probably entire. A road has been formed through the two chief entrances right through it, as in the amphi- theatre at Trhfet. Near the amphitheatre is one of the old gates, which u at the bottom of a concave semicircle, formed of thick walls and defended by a tower at each extremity. The aqueduct brought into the town the waters of the Siagne from a dis- tance of more than 20 miles. The channel for the water in some ports was under ground, in others it was supported on arches. At the gate of Frejus it divided into two branches, one of which entered the town and the other went to the port Parts of this aqueduct are well preserved. The Roman Via Aurelia passed by Forum Julii ; and there were roads from Forum Julii to Aquae Sextiae, Massilia, and Arelate. (D'AnviUe, Noticey ^. ; Walckenaer, Giog. 4c. vol. ii. p. 9 ; Ukert, GalUm, p. 429; Richard et Hocquet, Gvid« du Vayoffeur, p. 797.) [G. L.] FORUM JULII or JULIUM. 1. (*6pos 'louAzoj, Ptol.: Eth, Forojuliensis : Cividale di Fritdt), a city of Venetia, situated about 25 miles N. of Aqui- leia, and nearly at the foot of the Julian Alps. Pto- lemy reckons it in the country of the Cami, and there is little doubt that this b correct, though it is not possible to separate the territory of that people from the rest of Yenetia. [.Cabni.] Paulus Diaconus FORUM LIGNEUM. 909 ascribes its foundation to Julius Caesar (P. Diac. Miti. Lang. iL 14); and it is probable that this is oorrrBct, though we have no earlier authority for the hCL It appears that it was at first merely a sort of central place of meeting for the neighbouring Garni, and where probably the Roman magistrates held intercourse with the mountaineers. In Pliny's time it seems to have been still but an inconsiderable place, as he enumerates the " Forojulienses cogno- mine Transpadani " among the unimportant towns of Venetia, which were unworthy of fuller notke. But Ptolemy calls it a Roman colony, and it appears to have risen in importance during the latter ages of the Roman empire. It was not, however, till after the fall of the neighbouring AquQeia, A. d. 452, that it attained the dignity, which it continued to hold under the Gothic and Lombard rulers of Italy, of the capital of Venetia. (Plin. iiL 19. s. 23; PtoL iiL 1. s. 29; Gassiod. Varr. xil 26; P. Diac. iL 14, iv. 28, 38.) Forum Julii became under the Lombards the seat of a separate duchy, and has imparted to the whole province in which it is situated the name, by which it is still known, of the Friuli: the modem town being called Cwidad or Ctvido^ obviously a ccHTuption of ** Civitas." The period of the destruction of Foram Julii is unknown; but recent excavations on the site have brought to light numerous remains of antiquity, in- cluding the foundations of temples and other public buildings, scattered over a considerable extent of ground around and in the neighbourhood of the modem CvridaU. The monuments discovered belong, however, for the most part to a very late period, and confirm the inference which we diould draw from the fow historical notices we possess, that Forum Julii did not rise to any great importance till near the close of the Western Empire. Very exaggerated ideas of its greatness, and of the value of the dis- coveries made on the spot, were spread abroad by the Canonico della Torre, who carried on the exca- vations. {AnndU delT Jnst. Arclu 1835, pp. 213— 220; BvUett. d. IngL 1834, p. 5, 1835, p. 134.) 2. We learn from an inscription that Uie town of Iria in Liguria bore also the name of " Foram Julii Iriensium " (Orell. Inter. 73), but no other notice of it occurs under this name. [Iria.] 3. Pliny mentions among the municipal towns of Umbria, in the sixth region of Italy, the "Foro- julienses cognomine Concubienses;" but these, as well as the ** Forobrentani," who immediately follow them, are wholly unknown. [E. H. B.] FORUM JULIUM. [Illitubois.]. FORUM LEPIDL [Reoium Lepidum.] FORUM LICINII, a town of Transpadane Gaul, mentioned only by Pliny (iiL 17. s. 21), who writes the name Licinitorum, and, strangely enough, tells us that it was a city of the Orobii, a people men- tioned by Gato; though it b evident from its name that it was a Roman foundation, or at least settle- ment From the same passage it would appear to have been in the neighbourhood of Gomum and Ber.- gomum, and has been fixed, pUrasibly enough, though only conjecturally, at a place called Incino, near the small town of J?r6a, on the road from Cotno to LeecOf and about 7 miles from the former city, where some inscriptions and other antiquities have been found. (Annoni, Memoria intomo il Piano d' Erha, Gomo, 1 831 .) [E. H. B.] FORUM LIGNEUM, is placed by the Antonine Itin. on the road from Caesar Augusta {Sarago§a