Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/122

 BTRURIik. foeeat, » barrier neyer before crossed by th« Roman* arms. On this occasion the whole Etruscan oonfe- demcj appears to have really taken part in the war: the Pemsians, Cortonans, and Arretians are men- tioned as concladiug a separate peace, and the com- bined forces of the other Etruscans were defeated by Q. Fabins Maximus at the Vadimonian lake, — a battle which, according to Livy (ix. 39), gave the first decisive blow to the ancient power of £tmria. The constant progress of the Boman arms is marked in subsequent campaigns by the circumstance that their victories were gained near Busellae and Vola- terrae (Liv. x. 4, IS), — places fiur in advance of the scene of their earlier wars. A brief period now ensued, during which the Etruscans and Umbrians united with the Saranites, apd even with their an- cient enemies the Senonian Gauls, against the rising power of Rome; but their efforts were unsuccessful, and two great defeats of the combined forces — the one at Sentinum in Umbria, b. g. 295, the other, in 9. c. 283, at the same Vadimonian lake which had already proved disastrous to the Etruscans — appear to have finally crushed the power of that people. They were, however, still in arms two years la^, when the consul Q. Mardus Philippus celebrated a triumph for the last time over tlie Etruscans in ge- neral (de Etrusoeis, Fast. Triumph.). The following year, b. o. 281, the Volsinians and Volcientes alone protracted the now hopeless contest, and were at length reduced to submission. (Fast. Triumph. L c.) But as late as b. c 265, the Volsinians were once more in arms; and though this contest appears to have arisen out of civil disturbances in their own 9ity, the statement of Florus (i. 21) is probably correct, that they were the last of all the Italian states that accepted the supremacy of Borne. This event occurred the very year before the commence- ment of the First Punic War. The causes that led the Faliscans, who had so long been friendly to Borne, to engage in a hopeless contest with that formidable i<ower, after the close of the war with Carthage, b. a 241, are wholly unknown to us. (Liv. £pit, xiz.; Eutrop. ii. 28.) 3. £truria under the Bomana. — We have no de- tailed account of the last years of the contest between Etruria and Borne, the kwding events of which have been just recapitulated : and we are almost wholly in the dark as to the teims on which the seveml cities were received to submissiaii, and the relations which in consequence subsisted between them and Uie do* minant republic That the terms were in general fiftvourable, and that the Etruscan cities for the most part enjoyed a more privileged position than the ge- nerality oif the Italians, may be inferred from various cireumstances. In the Second Punic War they con- tinued uniformly faithful to the Bomans, and are mentioned as taking the lead in furnishing volun- tary supplies towards fitting out the fleet of Sdpio, ifi a manner that dearly indicates their semi-inde- pendent position. (Liv. zzviii. 45.) It is probable that most of them retained the rank of *^ allied cities " (dvitates foederatae). Boman cdomes were established only in the S. of Etruria, with the ex- ceptiflD of Pisae and Luca(Liv. xl. 43, xll 13), which were obviously founded as a barrier agauist the Ligurians, not with a view of controlling the Etrus- cans themsdves. Hence, it is a complete mistake tft suppose, as many writen have done, that the Bo- man conquest put an end to the national existence of Etruria: its inhabitants retained until a much later peiiud their language, arts, religions rites, and StBUfilA; 863^ national peculiarities. The immediate' neighbonr- hood of the imperial city doubtless became early Bo- manised, but it was not till towards the close of the Bepublic that the same process was extended to the; more distant portions of the country. The Etrus- ' cans were admitted to the Boman franchise in b. c. 89: th<7 had taken no part in the general revdt'of the Italians in the preceding year, but, after the war' had continued for above a year, their fidelity b^an- to waver, and the Bomans hastened to forestal their' defection by granting them the full rights of dtiiens.- (Appian, B. C. i. 49.) In the dvil wan of Marina^ and Sulla they were among the first to espouse the cause of the former (76. 67), and adhered to it stead-, fastly, long after the rest dP his partisans had been subdued; the almost impregnable fortress of Vola-' terras having defied the arms of Sulla himself for nearly two years (Strab. v. p. 223 ; Cic pro Bote, 7). Hence, the whole weight of the ven- geance of Sulla fdl upon Etruria; and the manner in: which he ravaged the country during the war, fd- lowed up by the confiscations of property, and the numerous military colonies which he established in* dififerent parts of the country, gave the death-blow to: the nationality of Etruria. Other events contributed in rapid succession to the same result: the northern) districts of Etruria became the head-qnartere of thee revolt of Catiline [Fabsulab], and m consequence sufiered a second time the ravages of dvil war; while Caesar, and the trinmvin after his death,' fbl-' lowed up the policy d Sulla, by establishing mili- tary colonies throughout the land, until there came; to be scarcely a dty of Etruria whoee territory had not been thus assigned to new settlers. (Lib. Cdon. pp. 21 1—225; Zumpt, de Cohrnit, pp. 251, 258, 303.) The civil war of Perusia, b. c. 41, appean^ to have been closely connected with these changes,' and the capture and destruction of that dty crushed' the last effort of the Etruscans to revive their ex-* piring nationality. (Propert it 1, 29.) But notwithstanding all these cafanuties there: appears to have still remained a strong element of the native Etruscan race. The language had noto fidlen altogether into disuse, down to a late period of the Boman empire: many extant monuments and^ W(»ks of art bdohg to the same epoch; and inscrip^ tions attest that the Etruscans not only retained a munidpal organisation, but that the ** Quindedm Populi Hetruriae " still formed a kind of league of* confederacy, — probably, however, only for' sacred objects. (Orell. ftucr, 96, 3149; MQiler, Etnukeri vol. i. pp. 357,. 358.) For administrative purposes Etruria constituted the seventh region of Italy, ac- cording to the division of Augustus: in the reign o6 Constantino it was united into one province witb Umbria, an arrangement which appeara to have sub^ sisted as late as a. d. 400, when we find in the No-: titia a ** Consularis Tusdae et Umbriae." {Noiit* Dign. p. 63; Backing, ad loe. p. 430; Mommsen, Die Lib. CoL p. 207.) A new distinction, however, occun under the later Boman empire, between (Amm. Marc xxvii. 3. § 1 ; Mommsen, 1 6.), of which the latter appeare to have comprised tiie dis- trict N. of the Amus : hence the expresdon met with in later writera, such as Casdodorus and Joraandes,' of " Tusda utraque" (Cass. Var, iv. 14; Jem. de Ba. Get 60; Googr. Bav. iv. 29> It was nof till a much later period that tlie distinction was esta^ blished between rusoany, in the modem sense of the term, and the provinces adjoining Borne, indnding
 * ' Tuscia suburbicaria" and ^Tuscia annonaria"