Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 2.djvu/114

 ETANNA. called Wadjf Bidn; and the aqaednct wMch derires its stipplj of water from these tributaiy ibantahu. has ite proper commencement below the loweet of the pools, from whence it runs along the western side of Wadff Etdn to Bethlehem. In the bed of the ^lej, below the aqueduct, is another copious foun- tain, *Am Ei&tiy and around this fountain are the gardens just mentioned. (Williams, Holy (7«fy, toI. ii. p. 500.) The aqueduct bj which this water is conducted to Jerusalem was constructed hj Pon- tius Pilate, the Bomaa procurator. (Joseph. B. J. ii. 9. § 4.) The rock EUm CHt«(^) in the historj of Sam- son, although in the tribe ^ Judah, was probably in no wajr connected with the foregoing, and cannot now be identified. {Jvdffes^ xv. 8, 11.) [G. W.] ETANNA, a pkoe in Gallia Narbonensis, appears in the Table on a road from Augustum through Condate to Geneva. It lies between Augustum and Condate. [CosdatEjS] Etannaappeanto be Ymme or Jemte, [G. L.] ETEIA ("Hrwa), a town of Crete. Plmy (ir. SO) places a town of this name (some of the M8S. and the old text have Elea or Eleae), between Phala- aama and Gisamus. fE. B. J.] ETEOCRETES. [Crbta, p. 704.J ETEO'NUS {*Er4tPos: Eth. *Etcc(mos), a town of Boeotaa, mentioned by Homer, who gives it the epithet of mX^mniifutSf lay to the right of the Asopns. Strabo says that it was afterwards called Scarphe. It probably lay between Scolus and the frontier of the territory of Tanagra. (Horn. //. Ii. 497; Strab. ix. pp. 408, 409; Stat Theb. vii. 266; Steph. B. «. 9.; Leake, Northern Greece, voL ii. p. 332.) ETHO'PIA, a town or fortress of Athamama, situated on a hill commanding Argithea, the capital of the country. It contained a temple of Jupiter Acraeus. (Liv. xxxviii. 2 ; Leakey Northern Gfieeef YoL iv. p. 525, seq.) ETIS C^rts), a town in the & of Laconia, the inhabitants of which were removed to Boeae. (Pans, iii. 22. § 11; Steph. B. «. v.) ETOCETUH, in Britain, mentioned in the second Itinerary as being 12 miles from Peimoorucium {Penkndjf«)f on the road from the Valium to Portus Kutnpis (^RiMoroughy, in the direction ef London. Probablv, WaU in Staffoidshira. [& G. L.] ETOVlSSA. [Edktami.] ETRU'RIA, one of the principal divisions of Cen- tral Italy, bounded on the N. by the Apennines, on the E. by the Tiber, and on the W. by the Tyrrhe- niau Sea. I. Name. It is almost miiversally called Etmria by the Latin writers of the best times : though the form TusctA is often found in later writers (Lib. Colon. p. 211 ; Ammjan. xxviL 3, &c.): and appears in the later ages of the Roman Empire to have become the offidal designation of the district in queetion, whence it is of frequent occurrence on inscriptions, and is found in the Notitia, and the Itineraries. (iVof . Dign, ii. p. 68; Itin, Ant p. 289 ; Tab. PsMt ; OrelL Inter. 1100, 1181, &c.) Uenoe it passed into ge- neral use in the middle ages, and is still praaerred in the modem appellation of Toecana or Tuteang. On the other hand, the people were called indiflforently Etruscans, ETRtraci, or Tuscans, Tusci; both of which fonns are used without distinction by Livy, Yano, and other writera ef the best age: though ETRURU. 855 Tuscoa and Tnsct appear to be the most aacient forms, and perhaps the only ones in use in the time of Cato or Plautus. The Greeks on the contnzy nnivenally called them TYBRHENiAifa or Ttbsb- HiAVS (Tvffiivoi, Tvp<rnrol)y and thence named their land Ttkrhehia (TufpTfyia); a custom which they retained even under the Roman Empire: though the geographers sometimes render the Latin name by §§ 4, 47): and very late writers, such as Zosunus and Procopius, adopt Towricia for the name of the country (Zoshn. v. 41 ; Procop. B, G, i. 16). The forms Hetruria and Hetruscus, as well as Thuscus, which are not unfreqnently found in the MSS. of Latin authors, appear to be certainly incorrect. There is little doubt that the two forms of the Latin name, Etruscus and Tuscns, are mefriy two modifications of the same, and that Uiis was originally written Turscus, a form still pveserved ia the Eu- gnbine Tables. (Lepsius, Imer. Umbr, tak i. b.) It is easy to go a step further and identify the Tnncus or Tmrsious of the Romans with theTvp<rv}y<(s of the Greeks, a conclusion which has been generally adopted by modem scholars, though denied by some phildo- geni. (Bliiller, Etrtuherf vol. i. p. 100; IHebuhr, vol. i. not 219, 244, p. 1 12 •, Abeken, MUtd-ItaUm, pb 126.) The inquiry as to the origin and derivation of these names must be deferred till we come to CMisider the national affinities of the Etruscans themselves. But one prant of the highest importance has been preserved to us by Dionysius, namely, that the native name of the people was different from all these, and that they odled themselves Raeena or Rasenna (Dionys. i 30, where the editions ha>'6 'Poo-^ra, but the best MSS. give the form 'PcMrcma. See Schwegler, Rdtn, Geech, voL L p. 255, note 8). II. Physical Geogsapht. The genera] limits of Etmria have been already in- dicated : its more precise boundariesappear to have been generally recognised and clearly defined. On the N W. it was bonnd»i by the river Macra (ifo^pra), which separated it from Liguria: from the banks of that river to the sources of the Tiber, the mainfihain of the Apennines formed the boundary between Stniria and Cisaljnne Gaul: while the Tiber from its source (or a pcnnt very near its source) to its mouth constituted the eastern limit of Etmria^ dividing it first from Umbria, afterwards from the-Sabines, and lastly from Latium. The length of the sea-coast from the mouth of the Macra to that of the- Tiber is. estimated by Pliny at 284 Roman miles, and by Strabo at 2500 stadia (312j^ M. P.> both of which estunates exceed the troth: the actual distance is little more than 200 geographical or 250 Roman miles. Hie Mari- time Itinerary gives 292 M.P., which, after allowing for the subdivision into a number of small distances, closely agrees with the statement of Pliny. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 8 ; Stxab. v. p. 222 ; Itwu Marti, pp. 498 — 501.) The eastern frontier, formed by the course of the Tiber, has a length of about 180 R miles,, without taking account of the minor windings of the< river: the greatest breadth of Etmria is justly estimated by Strabo (^c) at something less than half its length. The region thus limited is extaemely varied in iti character, the tracts in the northern and north-eastern districts, immediately on the slope of the high Apennines, being very mountainous; while the greater part of the central region between the Amus and the Tiber is oecupitid by masses aad groups of great 31 4
 * ErpwaKot or Tomtkoc (Strab. v. p^ 219; PtoL iii. 1.