Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/744

 788 CTKOSABGES. PtoL It. 5. § 59; Eik KvyoroXSnif), a toim m the Cynopolite nome of the Heptanomis, lit 28^ 2' N. The dog-headed ddty Anubie was here worshipped. (Stmb. zTiL p. 8 12.) It is probably the Gannm of Plin j (JV. H.r.uy Cynopolis is the modem SamaUtu, There was in the Delta also a town of this name, and with the same local deity. (Streb. zrii. p. 802; Phit. de It, €t Onr. c. 72.) [W. B. D.] CYNOSARGES. [Athknas, p. 303, b.] GYNOSCETHALAE(Kvybsic«^aX«f), the names •f two ranges of hills, so called fram their supposed lesemblanoe to the heads of dogs. 1. In Thessalj, /a little to the swith of Scotossa, in whose territoiy / they were sitoated. They are described by Polybios (zviii. 5) as ragged, broken, and of oonsidaable height; and are memorable as the scene of two bat- tles: one fought, m b. c 364, between the Thebans and Alexander of Pherae, in which Pelopidas was slam ; and the other, df still greater celebrity, ibnght in B. c. 197, in which the kst Philip of Macedon was defeated by the Roman consul Flami- sinus. (Plut Peiop, 32 ; Strab. iz. p. 441 ; Polyb. ZTiii. 3, seq.; Liv. loudii 6, seq.; Plat Flainm, 8; Leake, NorUnem Greece^ vol. ir. p. 459, seq.) 2. Hills between Thebes and Thespiae. (Xen. HeU, T. 4. § 15, AgewiL ii. 22.) Near them, or on them, was a Tillage of the same name, which is men- tioned by the bic^graphers of Pindar as the birth- place of the poet (Steph. B. «. v, Jiwhs Jce^oAal.) CYNOSSEMA (Kvr^ fnii»a, or Kvy^inwM), that is, the Dog's Tomb, a promontory on the eastern coast dt the Thracian Chersonesns, near the town of Madytus; it was belieTed to have deriyed its name from the fiu!t that Hecuba, who had been meta- morphosed into a dqg, was buried there. (Eurip. jETec. 1275; Thu^ yiii. 102; Strab. p. 595; Plin. IV. 18 ; MeU, iL 2 ; Or. Met ziiL 569.) [L. S.] CYNOSSE'MA (K»f^ tniiuL). " After Lory- ma,'* says Strabo (p. 656), " is the Cynos-sema, and the island Syme; then Cnidus, Ac." The Cynoa- aema is a point on the SW. coast of Caria, opposite to the ishuid of Syme, and it is now called Cttpe Volpo. (Hamilton, Raearcheaj ^ vol ii. p. 71.) Ptolemy does not mention Cynoesema, but he has a eape Onugnathoe about this part of Caria, which may be the same as Cynossema. [Caria, p. 519.] Stephanus (s: v, Km^s <r9/ua) gives an ethnic name Kwo<r<rrifAaT€ik, [6. L.] CYN0SU'RA(Kwifcrewpo),ic«Deg*8Tafl.» 1. A promontory of Attica. [BIarathon.] jtj/il^ 2. A promontory in the^Mit of Salamis, opposite the isUnd of Psyttaleia. (Herod, viii. 76.) 3. A quarter of Sparta. [Spabta.] CYNTHUS. [Deloa] CYNU'RU (h Kvwvpta, Thuc. iv. 56, t. 41 ; ^ Ki/yoi^ioie^, Pans. ill. 2. § 2: Eih. KvtfovpioSf Kv- rovpf vs), a district on the eastern coast of Pelopon- nesus, between the Aigeia and Lacooia, so called from the Cynurians, one of the most ancient tribes in the peninsula. Herodotus (viiL 73) regards them as Autochthones, but at the same time caBs them lonians. There can be little doubt, however, that they were Pelasgians; but in eonsequenoe of their maritime position, they were regarded as a difierent race from the Arcadian Pelasgians, and came to be looked upon as lonians, which was the case with the Pelasgians dwelling upon the coast of the Corinthian gulf, in the district afterwards called Achaia. They were a semi-barbarous and predatory tribe, dwelling chiefly in the eastern slopes of Mount Pamon; but Iheir exact boundaries cannot be defined, as they were crmmjL an)/ a tribe, and never ibrmed a pdlitieal body. Ai a l^er time they were almost oonfined to the Thyrea- tis, or district ol Thyrea. (See bdow.) Origmally they extended much further south. Upon the cod- quest of PeloponneBOs by the Ddrians, Uie Cjmanua were subdued by the Aigeians, whose tenitwy at one time extended along the eastern coast of Pdo- ponnesQS down to Cape Malea. (Herod. L 82.) The Cynurians were now reduced to the conditioo of Argive PerioecL (Herod. viiL 78.) They eootinuedl the subjects of Argos for some time; but as Sparta rose in power, she endeavoured to incnase her territory at the expense of Argos; and Cynnria, but more especially the fertile district of the Thyreads, was a frequent subject of contention between the two states, and was in possessioD sometimes of the one, and sometimes of the other power. As early as tli^ reign of Ecfaestratas, the son of Agis, who is placed about B.C. 1000, the Spartans are said to have gained possesnon of Cynuria (Pans. lii. 2. § 2), bat they were driven out of it subsequently, and it con- tinued in the hands of the Argives till about b. c 547, when the celebfated battle was fought between the 300 champions from either nation. (Herod. L 82: for details see Diet, of Biogr, art OfftfToefea.) But the great victoiy of Cleomenes over the Argivea near Tiryus, shorty before the Penian wars, waa the event which sec^ired to the Spartans vndispated poBsesskm of Cynnria for a loi^ time. When the Aeginetans were expelled from their own island by the Athenians, at the commencement of the Pelo- ponnesian war (b. c 431)^ the Spartans alkfwed them to settle in the Thyreatis, which at that tima contained two towns, Thyrea and Anthene or Athene^ both of which were made over to the fugitives. (Thuc ii. 27 ; comp. v. 41.) Here they maintained tiiemselves tiU the 8th year of the Pelopon- nesian war, when the Athenians made a descent upon the coast of the Thyreatis, where they found the Aeginetans engaged in building a fortress upon the sea. This was forthwith abandoned by the latter, who took refuge in the upper dty (fi bm ir6ts) at the distance of 10 stadia from the sea; but the Athenians followed them, took Thyrea, which they destroyed, and dragged away the inhabitants into slavery. (Thuc iv. 56, 57.) Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, gave back the Thy- reatia to the Argives, and extended their ter ri toiy along the coast aa fiur as Glympeis and Zarax. (MuDso, Spmria, vol. iii. pt. L p. 245; comp. Pdybb. iv. 36. § 5, V. 20. § 4.) It oondnued to bdrag to the Argives in the time of Paosanias (iL 38. § 5); but even then the ancient boundary quanrels bebreea the Argives and Spartans still eootinued (Paus. vlL ILf 1). The Tbtksatib (evputns% m territoiy of Thy- rea (9vp4a, also Oup^), which is the only district that can be safely assigned to Cynuria, is one of the most fertile pkdns in &e Pdopoonesus. It extends about 6 miles in length along the coast, south of the pass Amgraea and the mountain ZdvUaa, Its breadth is narrow, as the prelecting spurs of Mount Pamon are never more than 3 miles, and sometimes only about a mile from the coast It is watered bj two streams; one on its northern, and the other on its southern extremity. The former caUed Tabus, or Tanaub (Tdrof, Pans. iL 38. § 7 ; Tdyms, Enrip. EUetr. 413), now the river of Luht^ rises in the summits of Mt Pamon near St, Peter ^ and Calls into the sea, at present north of Attrot, but tall recently south of the Utter pkoe. It formed the boundary