Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/718

 roo CBATAEIS. odntaining the name of Cnamoo. The name cf the raiiui shows that they were onoe more conaderable than thej are at present; bat e^en now *^ some foundations of the walls of the town, or more pro- bably of the citadel, maj be traced along the edge of a qoadrangnlar height called Paleohutro, whidi b nearly a mile in drcnmferenoe, and towards the upper part of which are some yestiges of a transverse wall, forming a doable indosnre. This height, and aU the fields arcmnd, are covered with potteiy; and on the mde of the height, or on the rise of the hills behind it, are eight or nine small tomolL" (Leake, Northern Oreeee^ vol. iii. p. 363, seq.)<^ CRATAEIS (KpwrcUts), a small river of Brat- tinm, flowing near the Scyllaean promontory. It derived its name from a nymph Grataeis, who, ac- cording to Homer, was the mother of Scylla. (Hom. Od, xii. 124 ; Ovid, Met zuL 749.) The river, which is mentioned only by Pliny (iii. 5. s. 10), and Solinos (2. § 22), was probably a small stream which falls into the sea aboat 3 miles £. of ScillOf and is called the Fiume di Solano, from a village of that name, or Fiume del Petci, (Bomanelli, vol. L p. 74.) [E. H. B.] CRATEIA (Kparc£a), is placed by Ptolemy (v. 1) in the interior of Bithynia, and he gives it also the name Flaviopolb, which clearly dates from the imperial period, and probably the time of Vespasian. The Antonine Itin. places it between Clan^opolis and Ancyra of Galatia, and 24 M. P. from Claodio- polis. An antonomoos coin with the epigraph irpi| is attributed to this place; and there are coins of the imperial period, from Antonlnns Pins to Gallienos. It became an episcopal see. There is nothing to determine the position of Grateia, and it is plac^ in the maps porely at hazard. [G. L.] GRATEIAE (Kporeia/: JTroto), some small islands lying off tiie coast of Libamia in Dlyricam. (ScyUz, p. 8 ; Plln. iiL 26. s. 30.) GRATER {6 Kpcer^p) was the name given by the Greeks, according to Strabo (v. p. 242), to the beautifol galf now known as iheBeuf of Naples, one of the most remarkable natoral featores on the coast of Italy. It was called by Eratosthenes the Gu- MAKAN Gulf (6 Kiftatos kSKitos, ap, Strab. i. p. 22, 23); Appian terms it the Golf above Gamae (6 K6iros 6 6irhp Kifiris, B. C. v. 81) ; it appears to have oeen generally known to Roman writers as the Galf of ^ateoli. (Smus Puteolanub, Plin. iii. 6. s. 12 ; Mela ii. 4; Saet. Aug. 98.) Its boun- daries and natural characters have been ahready de- scribed under the article Gaupania. [E. H. B.] GRATHIS. [AcHAiA, p. 13, b.] GRATHIS (Vipadis), one of the most considerable rivers of Bruttiom, winch in the northern part of its course forms the boundary between that province and Lucania. It rises in the central mountain p^oup of Bruttium (the 5tZa), a few miles S. of Gonsentia, flows below the walls of that town, where it is joined by the smaUer stream of the Basentus or Bosentus (BiMento), and has a course nearly due N. through the centre of the Bruttian peninsula, till it approaches the confines of Lucania, when it turns abruptly to the £. and flows into the Gulf of Taren- tum, immediately to the S. of the ancient site of Thurii. At the present day it receives, at a dis- tance of above three miles from its mouth, the watere of the river Sybaris (now called the Cotcile), which in ancient times pursued their own course to the sea. [Sybaris.] From its close proximity to the celebrated city of Sybaris the Grathis is noticed by many an- GBEMERA. aent writen. (Lyoophr.ii2ev.919 ; Theoer. t. 16.) Euripides sings Its praises, and aUndes to the peeo- liar golden-rnl tinge it was supposed to impart to the hair, a fiust which is also notioed by Ovid and other writen. (Eur. Troad. 228 ; Ovid. MeL xr. 315; Strab. vi. p. 263; Plin. zxzL S. s. 10; Vih. Seq. p. 9; Timaens ap. AfUig, CmrytL 149.) The ^aans throogh which the Gnthis flows in the latter part of its ooane were notioed in andent times ftr their fertility: they are now become marshy and onhealthy. Like all streams which descend from a monntainoQS region, and afterwards flow throng a flat alluvial tract, the river was subject to violent inundations and sodden changes of its oonne: dur- ing the flourishing days of Sybaris it was doobtleM reslrsined by dams and artificial embankmenta; and hence when the citizens of Grotcma. aftertbeirgnai victory over the Sybarites in b.c. 510, delenniDed to annihilate the rival city, they brake down the banks of the Grathis, and toined its waters on to the aiti of Sybaris. (Strsb. vL p. 263.) Hence Herodotai inddedtally notices the dry bed of the Grathis (v. 45), which was evidently its ancient channeL The same author expressly tells ns that the Italian river was named by the Achaeans who founded Sybaris, after the leas celebrated stream cf the same name in their native ooontiy. (Herod. L 145 ; Stxab. viiL p.386.);fc [E.H.B.] GRAUGAXLIUM (fipmyi^Xu»), a town of Phods, in the neighbooriiood of Gir^a, whose xa- habitants are said to have joined the Glnliaeana ia maltreating the pilgrims who came to oaosolt the orade at Ddphi. It was destroyed akipg writh Girrha at the end of the Fint Sacred War, and its name does not occur again. [Gbis8A.J The name of the people is variously written GnmgaDidae^ Grauallidae, and Acragallidae. Leake conjectores that Xeropigadho is the site of this town. (Aescfain. c Ctesiph. p. 68, ed. Steph.; Harpocrat a. v, Kpeoh- a^A^Sai; Leake, Northern Greece, vd. ii. p. 587.) GRAUNI (Kpavwoi), a promontory on the Gilidan coast, mentioned in the Stadiasmus : ** from the Mdas river to the point Grauni, 40 stadia." [Giulm- BUSA, No. 2.] Leake observes (^Atia Mktor, p. 206), '' The river which jdns the sea at the bottom of the bay of PapadUa, being the largest stream on the part of the coast under consideration, seems to be the Mdas of the Stadiasmus ; and the cape which lies midway between that stream and Gdenderis may poa- sibly hie the Grauni of the same authority." [G.L.] GREMASTE {Vi^iwarli% a place mentioned b/ Xenophon {HdL iv. 8. § 37). He speaks of tho plam near Gremaste, "where there are the gold mines of the AbydenL" If Gremaste was a viDage^ it was probably on a hill above the phun. As Stnbo speaks of gold mines at Astyra [Aottba], it has been coi^jectnred that Astyra and Gremaste are dther the same place, or two adjacent places. Gdd mines belonging to Lampsacus are mentioned by Pliny (zxzviL 11) and by Polyaenus (iL 1. § 26); and tiiey may be the same as those of Gremaste, if we suppose Gremaste to be between Ahydus and Lunpsaens. [G. L.] GRE'MERA (Kpc^cpa), a small river of Etraria. flowing into the Tiber a fsiw miles above Rome. It is celebrated for the memorable defeat of the 30O Fabii, who establbhed on its banks a fortified post, from whence they carried on hostilities against the Vdentes, and laid waste their territory, until they were at length decoyed into ui amburcade, and i^ Dio^ys. put to the sword, b.g. 477. (^liv. ii. 49|^5Q; Dio^ye