Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/655

 CLUSniM. ■n iniiy iradflr his son Arans to attack Arida, bnt | tha young prince was defeated and killed. (liv. ii. 14; Dionjs. v. 86.) From this time we hear do more of Clnsium tUl the inrasion of the Senonian Gauls in B.O. 391, an event which was believed to have been brought aboat by a ddzeo of Cluainm, .who sought to avenge his private dishonour bj be- traying his country to the barbarians. The Gauls, however, though they in the first instance laid si^e to Clnsiani, were soon induced to torn their arms against Rome, and the fanner dty thus escaped from destruetioD. (Iiv.Y.83,35,S6; Dionys. Exc Mai, xiiL 14—17; Diod.xiv. 113; Pint CamiU. 15—17.) Near a century later Clusium witnessed a second invasioii of the same barbarians, the Senones having, in B. o. 295, made a sudden irruption into Etruria, and cut to pieces a Roman legion which was sta- tioned there. (Liv.x.25,26;PoLii.l9.) During the wars of the Romans with the Etruscans, we hear hut Httle of Clusium, the Glusini being only once mentiooed, in conjunction with the Perusians, among the enemies of Rome (Liv. x. 30); and we have no account of the period at which they passed under the Boman yoke. The dty is next mentioned in b. o. 82.5 doling the great Gaulish war, when those for- midable tavaders for the third time appeared under ita walls, shortly before their decisive defeat at Teli^ men. (Pd. iL 2.5.) During the Second Punic War, the Cfauians were active in supplying com and tim- ber lor the fleet of Sd]MO (Liv. xxviii. 45); and in the dvil wan of Sulla and Marins they appear, in eommflo with many other dties of Etruria, to have esfoosed the cause of the liarian party. Two suo- oessive battles w<ere fought in the immfdiate ndgh- boorhood of Clusium, in both of which the partisans of Sulla were rictorious. (Veil. Pat iL 28 ; Appian. B,a L 89; Uv. EpiL Ixxxviii.) Veiy little is known of Clunum under the Roman empire, bnt in- •criptiflns attest its continued existence as a muni- cipal town, and Pliny distingnjshcs the " Glusini Bovi " and '* Clusini veteres," whence it wonld appear that, like Azrettnm, it must have recdved a fresh edony.of dtizens who enjoyed separate rights; but the period and drcnmstanoes of this are wholly un- known. The name of Clunum is still found in the Itineniies, as well as in Ptolemy: it early became the see of A bishop, a distinction which it has re- faifid without interruption to the present day; and it appears certain that it never onsed to be inha- bited. Dante speaks of it as in his time going fast to decay, but it has considerably revived, wid is now a fl«i««hing though small dty, with about 3000 faihabitanta. (Plin. ul 5. s.jB; Ptol iiL 1. § 49; Jtm, AiU. pu 285; Tab. Pent; Gori, In§cr, Etr. vol. ii. ppw 39^-424; Dennis's fCmHo, vd. ii. p. 331.) Ciwri retains but very few vestiges of her early greatness in the form of ruins or remains of edifices; but some portion of her walls are still visible, which in their style of construction resemble those of Pe- mia and Tuder; and a few fragments of architec- tural decorations are scattered through the buildings of the modem town. But the numerous sepulchres which have been excavated in the ndghbourhood have yMded a rich harvest of Etruscan relics, — aqmldiral urns, potteiy, bronzes, and other objects. Ibny of these are interesting as exhibiting appa- rently the purest spedmens of Etruscan art, unal- tered Irf Greek influences; much of the pottery in particular is of a veiy peculiar style, "a coarse, Mack, unbaked ware, of uncouth forms, grotesque daooratioDs, rude workmanship, and no artistic CLYDAE. 637 beauty.** The figures with which it is adorned are in relief, and represent for the most, part monsters and uncouth figures of a very Oriental character. The painted vases, on the other hand, which have also been found here in considerable numbers, though much less than at Tarqulnii and Vuld, uniformly represent subjects from the Greek mythology, and bour the obvious impress of Greek art The urns in stone and tarra-coUa resemble those found at V<^ terra, and bdong for the most part to a late period. Seveml of the sepulchral chambers also have their walls painted in a style very similar to those of Tar- quinii. (For a full description of these works of .art, see Dennis's Etrtuioj vol. ii. pp. 325—^84.) About 3 miles NNE. of Chiuri is a hill of conical form, called the Poggio GajeUoj which has been proved, by recent excavations, to have been converted in andent times into a vast sepulchral monument, containing numerous tombs, and a number of laby- rinthine passages, penetrating in all directions into the heart of the hllL This has been supposed by some writers to be no other than the oelebnted tomb of Porsena, of which a marvellous account has been preserved to us by Pliny fnm Varro; but the only resemblance is the fact that in that case also there was a labyrinth in the basement of the tomb. The description of the supe rstructu re or external monu- ment (which was probably taken by Varro firam some Etruscan author) can hardly be recdved as other than febulous, anid is justly treated as such by Pliny himself, though some modem writers have believed it literaJly, and attempted a restoration of the monu- ment in accordance with it (Plin. xxxvi. IS. s. 19 ; Mmier, Etruther, vol. ii. p. 224; Abeken, Mittei- ItaUen, pp. 244, 245; Dennis, L c, pp. 385—400, where tiie opinions of numerous modem authors on this much controverted subject are dted and re- ferred to.) The territory of Clunum probably included several smaller and dependent towns. Etruscan remains have been found at the modem towns of CeUma^ SarUanOf ChiancianOf and MontepulcianOj all of them dtuated within a few miles of Chiuri; bnt we hare no trace of the andent names of any of these places. The district adjohung the dty (probably the valley of the Clanis) was celebrated, in andent as wdl as modem times, for its great fertility, and the excellence of its wheat and spelt (Plin. xviii. 7. s. 12 ; Colum. ii. 6. § 3.) Horace also alludes to its possessing sulphureous springs, frequented for medicinal purposes (£p. L 15. 9). [E. H. B.] CLU'SIUS (KAoMTios), a river of Gallia Trans- padana,now called the CKmuk, which rises in theRhae- tian Alps, and forms a considerable lake now known as the Zo^o tPIdro, but not mentioned by any andent writer; after emerging from which it has a winding course for some d&tance through the ValSabbiat and from thence flows for near 30 miles due S. through the plains of Cisalpine Gaul, till it joins the Ollius {Oglio), about 20 miles above. its OQuflnenoe with the Padus. Polybius (ii. 32) speaks of it as forming the limit between the Iiisubrians and tlie Cenomani, but it is difiScult to underetand that this could ever have been the case; it certainly was not so in later times. The name is written in the Tab. Pent ** Cleusis,'* which is a dose approximation to its modem form of C&iete. [E. H. B.] CLYDAE (KAvSo/), a place in Caria in the Rho- dian Peraea. (Ptd. v. 3.) The MSS. of Ptolemy and the older editions (Pirckheymer^s, for instance) aro said to have Chydae; but the name b Clydaa