Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/654

 ^36 CLODIANA- strangen'; and aocordinglj we find the em peror Ca- ligula undertaking a journey for tliis express purpose, and Honorius turning aside frtnn his progress along the Flaminian Way for the sanoe object. (Suet. CcU. AS; CUudian. de VL Com. Hon. 506.) The hill • imniediatelj above the principal source was clothed, in Pliny's time, with a grove of ancient cypresses: close above the water was a temple of Clitumnns himself, while numerous smaller shrines w chapels (^Kboelia) of local divinities were scattered around. The peculiar sanctity with which the spot was re- garded caused these to be ]Hieserved down to a late period ; and it is mentioned in the Jerusalem Itinerary (p. 613) under the name of Sacnuria, without any notice of the Clitunmus. One only of these numerous small temples still remains, converted into a Christian cliapel, but otherwise unaltered; from its position near the principal source it prcibably occupies the site of the temple qH Clitumnus himself, but is cer« tainly not the same building described by Pliny, its architecture being of a delnsed character, and be- longing to the period of the Lower Empire. (Forsyth's Jtibf, p. 324, 4th ed.; Eustace's Clan. Tour, vol i. p; 325.) Pliny tells us (/. c.) that the temple and grove of Clitunmus were b^towed by Augustas upon the people of Hispellum, who erected public baths and other buildings there. The nearest town to the spot was Trebia (TVeot), from which it was only 4 miles distant (Itin. Hier. p. 613.) The valley through which the Clitumnus flows, from its sources to Mevania, is a broad strip c^ perfectly level plain, bounded by the lateral ranges of the Apennines on each side. It is a tract of great fertility, and its rich and luxuriant pasturages furnished in ancient times a particuLirly fine breed of pure white cattle, which on account of their size and beauty were set Apart as victims to be sacrificed only«on occasions of triumphs or other peculiar solemnities. Their colour was thought to result firom their drinking and bathing in the extremely pure waters of the Clitum- nus: but though the same tradition is preserved by the inhabitants of the valley, Uie cattle are no longer remarkAble for their whiteness. (Virg. 6^ear. ii. 146; Propert IL 19. 25; Sil. Ital. viu. 452; Juv. xii. 13, and SchoL ad loc ; Stat SUv, L 4. 129; Vib. Seq. p. 9 ; Cluver. ItaL p. 702.) [E. H. B.] CLODIA'NA, a town in Illyria, situated upon the Via Egnatia, at the point where this road divided, one branch leading to Dyrrhachinm, and the other to Apollonia. It probably derived its name from App. Claudius, who encamped upon the river Genusus in B. c. 168. {Itm. AnL; Tab.PeuL; Liv. xliv. 30; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 279, seq.) CLODIA'NUS (Kwdtay6s : IMregat Menor or Mugd), a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, at ^e £. end of the Pyrenees, forming at its mouth the har- bour of Emporiab. (Mela, ii. 6; Ptol. ii. 6. § 20; Strab. iii. p. 160, where it is referred to, but not named.) [P. S.] CLOTA, in Britfun, mentioned by both Tacitus (^Agric, 23) and Ptolemy. Name for name, and place for place, it is the river Clyde. [R. G. L.] CLUANA, a town of Picenum, mentioned by ^lela and Pliny, both of whom place it on the coast between Cupra and Potentia. (Mela, ii. 4. § 6.; Plin. iii. 13. s. 18.) Its site has been fixed by a local topographer, on that of a small town, now called S. Elptdio a Mare, about 4 miles from the sea, and the same distance N. of Fermo, (Bacci, Notizie delT aniica Cluana, 4to. Macemta, I7I6 ; ^kbeken, MiUel ItcUten, p. 120.) E, iL B.] CLUSIUIL CLUDRUS. [EuMENiA.] CLU'NLA. (KAovy£a ico«M^fa, Ptol. iL 6. § 56), a dty of the AiWaeae in Hispania Taixaoonenaa, the last considerable place in Celtiberia, on the W. (C(el» tiberiae fine, Phn. iiL 3. s. 4.) It was a ot^onj, and the seat of a oomoeiUm juridicm, oompriaing 14 peoples of the Vaiduli, 4 of the Tunnodigi, 5 cf the Carietes and Vennenses, 4 of the Pelendane a, 18 of the Vaccaei, 7 of the Cantabri, 10 of the Aa- trigones, 6 of the Arevacae, and 22 of the Astaroi (at least this appeaiB to be the meaning of Pliny's enumeration). The ruins of the dty are viable «■ the summit of an isoUted hill, surrounded with rodcs which form a natural wall, between Corwna dd Conde and Pennalda de Caetro (Dion Cass, zxxix. 54; Pint Galba, 6; ¥kim,Esp,S. vol.viL p. 368, y. p. 51 : coins, Florez, Med. vd. i. p. 364, vtiL u. p. 641 ; Mionnet, voL L p. 39, SoppL voL L pu 79; Eckhd, vd. I p. 46.) [P. S.] CLU'SIUM (KAovVtor: Eth. Clus&ias: CAmm), an inland dty of Etruria, one of the most andent and powerful in that country, and without doubt one of the twdve which formed the Etmscaa confederatica. [On this point, see Etruiua.] It was dtoated about 20 miles S. of Cortona, on a gentle hill rising above the valley of the Clams, near a small lake, ts which it gave name (i^ vtfi KXovaiw X^^&ni, Strati V. p. 226) : this is stiU called the Logo di CkimL Strabo says it was distant 800 stadia (100 Roman miles) frxim Rome; this agrees very neariy with tht Antonine Itineraxy, which gives the dbtance by the Via Cassia at 102 miles, and must be vevy near the' truth. (Strab.Xc.; Jtin. Ant.'p. 285.) Allacooonto agree in representing Clusium as a very aiKient dty, and in accordance with this belief Vixgil places it among the cities of Etruria that assisted Aeneas against Tumus {Aen. x. 167). We are tdd thai its original name was Camars, whence it has been inferred that it was originally an Umbiian city (a fiict in itself highly probable), and that it d>tidned the name of Clusium when it fell into the handa of the Etruscans. (Cluver. ItdL p. 567 ; MfiUer, Etnuher, vol i. p. 102.) Servius {odAoi. x. 167) derives its name from Clusius, a son of Tyniieirasy which may be thought to &vour this view; bat no dependence can be placed oq such statements. When Cludum first appears in histcny it was one of the most important and powerful of the Etruscan states { but there is no authority f«r supposing it, as acme authors have done, to have been the mebropolia of Etruria, or to have exercised any mars than a tem-r porary and occasional superiority over the other cdtka of the League. The prominence that it ass^wTHfH^ under the rule of Porsena was evidently owing in great part to the personal abilities and reputation of IJiat monarch (Liv. ii. 9), and ndther Livy nor IHa- nysins represent him as commanding any other finncsei than those of his own state, though later riietorical writers call him **rex Etrusoorum." (liv. iL e.; Dionys. v. 21 ; Flor. i 10; Plut PopL 16.) At an earlier period also Dionysius speaks of the Chisians as uniting with four other Etruscan dties ( Arretiiun, Vblaterrae, Rnsellae, and Vetulonia) in a league against Tarquin the Elder, where all five appear on a footing of perfoct equality. (Dionys. iiL 51.) • It is impossible to say how much of the legendary lii». tory of the dege of Rome by Porsena can be rec d ved as historical, but there seems no reason to doubt the fact of his expedition, and much ground for supposing that it really ended in the capture of Rome, (^ie- buhr, vol. L pp. 546 — 548.) He subseqwmtly.