Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/652

 €34 CLEQNAB. Another niaiTal in the territoiy of Cleitor wag the singing fish of the river Aroanius. These fish, which were called voiic<A(ai, were said to sing like thrushes. Paosamas relates (viii.21. §2) that he had seen these fish canght; hat that he had never heard them sing, although he had remained for that purpose on the banks of the river till sunset, when they were supposed to be most vocal. These singing fish are also mentioned by Athenaeus and Pliny. The fionner writer cites three authorities in proof of their exist- ence, of whom Philostephanoe placed them on the Ladon, Mnaseas in the Cleitor, and the Peripatetic Glearchus in the Pheneatio Aroamos. (AthoL viii. pp^ 331, 332.) Pliny improperly identifies them with the exoooetna or adonis, which was a sesrfisb. (Plin. iz. 19.) The muctXia was probably traat, and was so called from its spotted and many-colonied scales. The trout of the Aroanius are described by Dodwell as ** of a fine bright colour, and beautafhiiy variegated." (Dodwell, CUuncal Tbtr, voL u. p. 442; Leake, JbToreo, vol. ii. p. 257, seq.; Boblaye, JSecAercAes, &c. p. 156 ; Curtios, Pdopotmmae<i^ p. 374, seq.) CLEO^NAE (KXcoimU: EOl KXcMnubf). 1. A city in Peloponnesus, described by writers of the Boman period as a city of Aigdiis, bat never included in the Aigeia or territory of Argos, in the flourishing ■period of Greek histoiy. Cleonae was situated on the rosd from Argos to Corinth, at the distance of 120 stadia from the former dty, and 80 stadia from the latter. (Stnib.viii.p.377.) The narrow pass through the moontidns, called Tretos, leading firom Argos to Cleonae, is described elsewhere [p. 201, a.] . Cleonae stood in a small plain upon a river flowing into the Corinthian gulf a little westwazd of Lechaeum. This river is now called Longo : its ancient name appears to have been Langeia (Stat Tlub, iv. 51 ; Ledce,J^ibpoimeMcu», p. 391). In itsterritoiywas Mt Apesas, nowcalled/Ua,connectedwith theAero- -Corinthusbya rugged range of hills. BothStraboand Plansanias describe Cleonae as a small pUoe; and the former writer, who saw it from the Acrooorinthns, says that it is situated upon a hill surrounded on all sides by buildings, and well walled, so as to deserve the epithet given to it by Homer (JL ii. 570):-»^0rri- /i^rot KAcMvetf. Statins also qieaks of " ingoiti tuiritae mole deonae." (rM.iv.47.) The exist- ing ruins, though scanty, justify these descriiitions. Tbey are found at a hamlet still caQed Kkmu^ not far firom the village KurM, According to Dod- well, they occupy *' a ciroular and insulated hill, which seems to have been completely covered with buildings. On the side of the hill are six ancient terrace waUs rising one above another, on which the bouses and streets are situated." Cleonae possessed only a small territory. It do* rived its chief importance from the Nemean games being celebrated in its territory, in the grove of Ne- mea, between Cleonae and Phlius. [Nemba.] Hoice the festival is called by Pindar ityiw KXc*- waibs (^yem, iv. 27). Hercules is said to have slain Eurytus and Cteatus, the sons of Actor, near Cleo- nae; and Diodoms mentions a temple of Hercules erected in the ndghbourfaood of the dty in memory of that event (PHus. v. 2. § 1, seq.; Pind. OL x. 36; Died. iv. 33.) Cleonae is said to have derived its name either from Cleones, the son of Pelops, or from Cleone, the daughter of the river-god Asopus. (Pans. ii. 1 5. § 1.) It was conquered by the Dorians, whereupon some dT its inhabitanfai, together with those of the ntigh- CUHAX bonring town of Phlius, are said to have foovM Clazomenae in Asia Minor. (Pans. viL 3. § 9.) In the Dorian conquest, Cleonae formed part of the let of Temenus, and in early times was one of the coo- foderated allies or subordinates of Aigos. (Grote, History of Greece, Yoi'± p.417.) Indeed in the historical period, Cleonae was for the most part doeclj connected with Aigos. Afbsr the Peisian wan, the Cleonaeans assisted the Aigives in subduing Hyoenae (Strab. viii. pu377); and they fought as the al&s of Argos at the battle of MantSieia, B.C. 418. (Thnc. V. 67.) Of their subsequent history nothini^ is known, though their city is ooeasionaUy mentaonad down to the time of Ptolemy. (Xcn. AJLviLS. § 15; Polyb. iL 52; Liv. xxxiiL 14, xxxiv. 25; Or. MeL vi417; Pans.iL 15; Plin. iv. 6.S.10: PtoL in. 16. § 20; Dodwell, Chteiad 7wr, veL iL pi 206; Leake, Morea, voL iiL p. 324, seq. ; BoUaye, Me- ohtrcket, &c., p. 41.) OODr OF CLBOK 2. A town of Chalddice, m Macedonia, mtimlbti sn the peninsnla of Mt Athos, and probably on the western coast, south of Thyasua. (Herod. viL 22; Thnc. iv. 109; Scyhuc, p.26; Strah. viL p.3Sl ; MeU, u. 2; Plin. iv. 10. s. 17; Leake, Nariktm Greece, vd. iii. p. 149, seq.) 3. A town of Phods. [Htamfous.! CLEOPATRIS. [Abbdiob, No. 1.] CLEPSYDRA PONS. [ATHnrAS, p. 286.1 CLEVUM. [Glbva.] CLIMAX OiKlfu^, steps, or a hdder), a uma equivalent to the French EekeUe and Italian SmAl It was used by the Greeks to signify a nanow and difficult pass. 1. On the east coast of Lycaa the range of Tamus comes dose upon the sea, and in the part between Phasdis and Olbia the pass is between the moun- tains and the sea. (Strah. p. 666.) Strabo da- scribes it accurately: " about Phasdis is the naiiow pass on the coast through which Alexander led bb army; a mountain called Climax hangs ofrcr the Pamphyhan sea, leaving a narrow passi^ slMig the beach, which is bare when there is no wind, and passable for trevellen; but when the sea b swolkn, it is for the most part covered by the waves; tfao road over the mountain is drcnitous aad steep, and people use the sea-road in fine weather. Alexander happened to be here in the winter season, and, trusting to his fortune, he set ont before the waten bad abated, and acooidingly it happened that the men had to nmrch all d^ in the water, up to the middle." Arrian (jlfMi6. L 26) says that Alexander made the passage eadly, in consequence of the north wind having blown bade the water which the south wind had brought upon the coast He does not give a^ name to the past. Mount Climax ia that part of the coast which fonte the eastern limit of Lyda, and the west dde of the bay of AtkUia. Beaufort diserves {KaratnaaUa, pL 1 16) : ''the road along the coast is, however, intemipted in soine places by projecting diffii, which would have beoi difficult to surmount, but round which the men oould readilj pass by wading through the watob*