Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/615

 CHALCERITIS. speaking of Chaloedon and Chrysopolts and the tem- ple of the Ghalcedonii, adds, ** and the coontry has, a little above the sea, the fountain Azaritia, which contains small crocodiles : theo follows the sea-coast of the Chaloedonii, named the bay of Astacns, a part of the Propootis.*' According to this the Chaloe- donii had once the bay of Astacns, which is yery unlikely, for there was Astacns, a colony of the Me- gaxcis and of the Athenians, in this bay. The passage of Strabo is probably cormpt, and might easily be corrected. It is not likely at any rate that they had more than the north side of the bay of Astacns. Chalcedon was taken by the Persian Otanes, after the Scythian expedition of Darins (r. S6). When Lamachns led his men from the river Calex in Bithynia (B.a 424), where he lost his ships by a flood in the river, he came to Chalcedon (Thucyd iv. 75), which mnst then have been on friendly terms with the Athenians. It afterwards changed sides, and received a Lacedaemonian Har- most (Plat. Alcib. c 29) ; bat the Athenians soon recovered it. However, at the time of the return of the Ten Thoosand, it seems to have been again in the possession of the Lacedaemonians (Xenophon, Anab. vii. 1, 20). Chalcedon was the birth-place of the philosopher Xenocrates. Chalcedmi was incladed in the limits of the king- dom of Bithynia, and it came into the possession of the Romans onder the testament of Nicomedes, b. c. 74. When Mithridates invaded Bithynia, Cotta, who was the governor at the time, fled to Chalcedon, and all the Romans in the neighboarhood crowded to the place fur protection. Mithridates broke the chains that protected the fort, bamt foar ships, and towed away the renudning sixty. Three thoosand Romans lost their lives in this assault on the city. (Appian. Mitkrid. 71; Plut Zcicu/I. 8.) Under the empire Chalcedon was made a free city. The sitoation of Chalcedon exposed it to attack in the decline of the empire. Some barbarians whom Zosi- mns (L 34) calls Scythians, plundered it in the reign of Valerian and Gallienns. It was taken by Chosroes the Persian in A. d. 616, and '* a Persian camp was maintained above ten years in the presence of Con- stantinople." (Gibbon, Dedtne, ^. c 46.) But Chalcedon still existed, and its final destruction is due to the Turks, who used the materials for the mosques and other buildings of Constantinople. Chalcedon, however, seems to have contributed ma- terials for some of the edifices of Constantinople long before the Turks hud their hands on it (Amm. Marc xxxi. 1, and the notes of Valesius.) This pkce is noted for a General Council, which was held here a. d. 451. [G. L.] CHALCIDICE. 597 COIN OF CHALCBDON. CHALCERITIS. [ARBTiAa] CHALCETOR (XaAjdb»f>: £ih, XaAie^cip), a place in Caria. Strabo (p. 636) says that the mountain range of Grion is parallel to Latmos, and extends east from the Milesia through Caria to £u- romos and the Chalcetores, that is, the people of Chalcetor. The site of Chalcetor is not ascertained. In another passage (p. 658) Strabo names the town Chalcetor, which some writers have erroneously altered to Chalcetora; but the form XaXierrrdpoow (Strab. p. 636) is the Ethnic name (Groskurd,7Vmi#2L ofStrcAof vol. iiL p. 55). Stephanus has a place Chalcetoriam in Crete (s. V. XaK7rr6pioy); unless we should read Caria for Crete. (See Meineke's ed.) [G. L.] CHALCIA or CHALCE (XaAire(a, XaJixla, Xd^xji: Eth, Xa/Jtlrris and XoAiccubs, Steph. «. v. XdKfi: ChaM), a small isUnd, distant 80 stadia from Telus and 400 from Carpathns, and about 800 from Astypalaea: it had a small town of the same name, a temple of Apollo and a harbour (Strab. p. 488 ; Plin. v. 31). Thucydides who men- tions the isknd several times (viii. 41, 44, 55) calls it Chalce. Leon and Diomedon, the Athenian com- manders (b. c. 412) after their attack on Rhodes, where the Peloponnesian ships were hauled up, retired toChalce as a more convenient place than Cos to watch the movements of the enemy's fleet frx>m. Leake {Atia MtnoTt p. 224) mentions an inscription found in Rhodes, which contains the Ethnic name Chalcetes. The isknd was near the west coast of Rhodes, and probably subject to Rhodes. [G. L.] CHALCIDEIS. [CHALcirm, No. 2.J CHALCIDICE 0% Xa}jciZue1i, Ptol. iii. 13. §11; £th. and Adj. Xaictdct;s), the name applied to the whole of the great peninsula, lying southward of the ridge of ML Cissus (Khortiata)^ between the Thermaic and Strymonic Gulf. It terminates in three prongs, running out into the Aegaean Sea, called respectively Acte, Sithonia, and Pallene, the first being the most easterly, and the latter the moet westerly. The peninsula of Acte, which terminates with Mt Athos, rising out of the sea precipitously to the height of nearly 6,400 feet, is rugged, and clothed with forests, which leave only a few spots suitable for cultivation. [Athos.] The Middle or Sithonian peninsula (2<0»y(a : Lcngo8)y is also hilly and woody, though in a less degree. The peninsula of Pallene (IlaAA^in} : KaudndArd)^ was pre-eminent for its rich and highly cultivated territory. The gulf between Acte and Sithonia was called the Singitic, and that between Sithonia and Pallene the Toronaic or Mecybernaean. It must be recollected that the original Chalcidice, though the name has been extended in consequence of the influence which the people of thei Chalcidic race enjoyed during the meridian period of Grecian history, did not comprehend Crossaea, nor the dis- tricts of Acanthus and Stageirus, colonies of Andrus, nor that of Potidaea, a colony of Corinth, nor even Olynthus or the tenitoiy around it to the N., which was occupied by a people who had been driven out of Bottiaeis W. of the Lydias in the early times of the Macedonian monarchy. The principal possession of the Chalddian settlers from Euboea (Strab. x. p. 447) in the earliest time of their migration, probably in the 7 th century B.C., seems to have been the Sithonian headland, with its port and fortress Torone; from thence they extended their power inland, until at length they occupied the whole of Mygdcnia to the S. ^ the ridges which stretched W. fxxim the mountain range at the head of the Smgitic gulf {Nietoro) together with Crossaea. Artabazus, on his return from the Hellespont, having reduced Olynthus, together with some other places which had revolted from Xerxes, slew all the Bottiaei who had garrisoned Olynthus, and gave up the phu» QQS