Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/600

582 CELTIBERIA. CELTICA. M. P. Caesada (K4aa6a fl Kodtra^a, Ptol. I c), at or near Brihuega on the Tajtma, 24 M. P. from Arriaca of the Carpbtani. Another road ran south throogh M. Idubeda from Caesaraus;nsta to Laminium near the source of the Anas {itm. AnL p. 447), on which were : 28 M. P., Sermo (Muelf); Carae {Carmena); 10 M. P., Agiria (Daroca); 6 M- P. Albonica (probably Puerta de Daroca) ; 25 M. P. Urbiaca, seemingly the Urbicna of Livy (xi. 16 ; but the reading is un- certain, see Diakenborch, ad he, : now Molina^ Lapie; others identify it with Alcaroches or Ckeca); 20 M. P. Valebonoa or Valeponga (Valsolebn, Lapie; Vol de Meca, Cortes); 40 M. P. Ad PuTKA (^Cuenca, Lapie); 32 M. P., Saltici (5. Maria dd CampOy Lapie; Jorquera^ Cortes); 16 M. P., Paribtinis {S. Clemente^ Lapie ; Chinchilla^ Cortes) ; 22 M. P. Libisosia (Leeuza), 14 M. P. from the source of the Anas : but the last place very likely belonged to the Oretani. Among the cities not mentioned in the Itinerary were : Ekoavica (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4 : 'EpyaovtKa^ Ptol. I. c.) or £r- gavia (Liv. zL 50), a municipinm belonging to the conventos of Caesaraugusta (coins ap. Florez, Afed. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 426 ; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 43, Supph vol. i. p. 86 ; Sestini, p. 145 ; Eckhel, voL i. p. 50; Inscr. ap. Gruter, p. 382, No. 9), the considerable ruins of which, at the confluence of the Gwidida and the Tagus, are called SaiUaoer (Morales, Antig. p. 102 ; Florez, Etp. S. vol. vii. p 61) ; Bursada, (BovfKroda, Ptol. /. c), near the last place (coins ap, Sestini, Med, Ttp, p. 1 13) ; Cbntobrioa, near Nertobriga, if not the same place [Nertobrioa] : Attacux: Contrbbia: Compleoa: Valeria (OvoAcpfo, Ptol. Valera la ViejOj in a very strong position near the Sucro, Jucar, S. of Cuenca, Ru.), a Roman colony, belonging to the conventus of New Carthage (Plin. iiL 8. s. 4 : Florez, £i^. S. viii. p. 198, comp. V. p. 19, vii. p. 59); Egelasta (Aci^TO, Ptol.) ; OciLis COifiAcj), the Roman head- qnarters in the Celtiberian war, probably in the SE. of the country (Appian. ffitp. 47, foil.); Bki> BiNUM : Mbdiolum (MtdloXov) in the N., and CoXDABORA (Ko^WSopo), ISTONIUM ('I<rr<Jvioi'), Alaba ^AAaSa), Libana (At^ova), and Uroesa (OtfpKco-a), in the S. are mentioned only by Ptolemy (l c.) ; MoNDA and Cbrtima, on the borders of Carpetania, near Alces, only by Livy (xl, 46), and Bblqeda (BcAt^Sii) or Belgida, only by Appian (^Hiap. 44) and Orosius (v. 23). There are also a number of localities in the neighbourhood of Bilbilis, only named by Martial; such as the mountains Calvus and Badavero, and the towns or villages of Boterdum, Platea on the Salo, Tutela, " chores Rix- amarum," Cardua, Peteron, Rigae, Petnsiae, and others, for the barbarous sound of which to Roman ears he feels it necessary to apologize " Celtiberis haeo sunt nomina crassiora terris.'' (Martial, i. 49, iv. 55, xii. 18, &c) For the list of dties compare Ukert, vol. i. pt. i. pp. 458—464.) Of the manners and customs of the Celtiberians, besides the notices in Strabo and other writers, we have an elaborate account by Diodorus (v. 33, 34). As warriors they attained the highest renown by their long and obstinate resistance to the Romans. They were equally distinguished as excellent cavalry, and as powerful and steady infantry, so that, when their cav^ry had defeated that of the enemy, they dismounted and engaged the hostile infantry (comp. Polyb. Fr. HisL 13). Their favourite order of battle was the wedg»-shaped column, in which they were almost irresistible (Liv. zL 40). They sang as they joined battle (Liv. zxiii. 16). Their weapona were a two-edged sword of the finest temper [Biu> BiLis], and the still national dagger (comp. Polyb. Fr. Hist. 14; Strab. iii. p. 154); their dcfenavc armour consisted of a bronze helmet, with a purple crest, of greaves made of plidted hiur, and a rotund wicker buckler (trvpria), or the light bat largo Gallic targe. A rough bhick blanket, of wool not unlike goats* hair, formed their sole dress by day, and at night they slept, wrapped up in it upon the bare ground. They were particularly attentive to cleanliness, with the exception of the strange custom, which is ascribed also to the Cantabri, of washing with urine instead of water. Though cruel to cri- minals and enemies (comp. Strab. ilL p. 155), tii^ are gentle and humane to strangers; and those of them whose invitations are accepted are deemed favourites of the gods. Their food consists in aWn- dance of various meats; and they drink must (olre- fUKirof ir6futri)y their country supplying plenty of honey, and wine being imported by merchants. Though the country was generally mountainous and sterile, it contained some fertile valleys, and the prosperity of some few of the cities is exonplified by the cases of Bilbius, and especially Numan- TLA. It is thus tiiat we must explain the state- ment of Diodorus respecting the excellence of their country, and the large tribute of 600 talents which, according to Poseidonius, M. Marcellus exacted frooi the country (Strab. iii. p. 162). As to their religion, Strabo says that the Celtiberians and some of their neighbours on the N. celebrated a festival to some nameless deity at the time of tiie full mooo, assem- bling together in their fieunilies, and dancing all night long (iii. p. 164). Several other pdnts in Strabo's description of tiie manners of the moun- taineers of the N. may be regarded as applying to the Celtiberians among the rest. [HisPAinA.] The Celtiberians are renowned in history for their long and obstinate resistance to the Romans. They had been subdued by Hannibal with great difficulty. In the Second Punio War, after giving important aid to the Carthaginians, they were induced by the generosity of Scipio to accept the alliance of Rome; but yet we find a body of them serving the Car- thaginians as mercenaries in Africa. (liv. zzv. 33, zzvi. 50 ; Polyb. xiv. 7, 8.) But the cruelty and avarice of later governors drove them, in b. a 181, into a revolt, which was appeased by the mili- tary prowess and the generous policy of the elder Tiberius Gracchus, b. c. 179. The resistance of the city of Seobda to the demands of Rome led to a fresh war (b.c. 153), which was conducted on the part of the Romans with varying success by M. Marcellus, who would have made peace with the Celtiberians; bnt the Senate required their uncon- ditional surrender. The diversion created in Lusi- tania by Viriathus caused the Celtiberian war to languish till b. c. 143, when the great war with Kumantia began, and was not concluded till B.C. 133. [NuMAKTiA.] In spite of tliis great blow, the Celtiberians renewed the war under Sertorins; and it was only after his fiedl that they bi^an to adopt the Roman language, dress and manners. (Polyb. xzxv. 1, et seq. ; Liv. zxi. — zzviii. pasam; Strab. iii. p. 151.) [P. S.] cextica. [Galua.] 'r.'*. '» : >f CE'LTICA, CE'LTICI (^ KtXrM^, ol K*X- TtKot)^ in Hispania. The repeated occnrrenoe of these names in the geography of Spain is at once >^"V.